Swamp. 157 
important constituent of the undergrowth. Shrubs are generally present more 
or less, especially, — Leplospermum scoparium, Veronica salicifolia, Coprosma 
propingua and C. Cunninghamü, these the forerunners of shrub-swamp. Where 
there is open water, there may be colonies of Azolla or Lemna minor, or floating 
Potamogeton, Ranunculus macropus, R. riwularıs or Cotula coronopifolia. 
Phormium tenax and Arundo conspicua frequently form lines on the 
margins of rivers. Here too, or elsewhere, where there is muddy ground 
subject to frequent wetting, may grow: — Crassula Sinclawrü, Myriophyllum 
propinguum (as land-plant), Zlatine americana var. australiensis and Limosella 
aquatica. E / 
3. Niggerhead (Carex secta)-association. 
Here shock-headed masses of C. secia are dominant raised above the 
. water on their massive “trunks” 60 cm—ı.4 m high. These trunks not only 
remove the actual living portion of the Carex from swamp-conditions but their 
sides afford a station for Blechnum capense, Hydrocotyle pterocarpa, Hierochloe 
redolens and seedling shrubs. Niggerhead-swamp contains many of the ordin- 
ary swamp-plants and many transitions occur between it and Phormium- or 
| en mann 
4. Stewart Lland swamps, 
As far as the swamps of Stewart Island have been investigated, eye) are 
 losely related to moor. The main point of importance is that the coastal 
ä Seepencarpüs simplex‘) is often dominant making pure colonies. In other places 
Cladium glomeratum and Carex ternaria respectively form close masses. 
Other species of importance are: Blechnum capense (stunted), Carex stellulata, 
‚several common species of Hydrocotyle, and where wettest, Carex secta. 
e;  Associations of Are or a ‚hot ur exposed to steam. ; 
reis to SETCHELL, v | | 
