Grass and Herb Formations. 245 
times especially — A. crenulata (Western district), A. Hookeri, A. Townsoni 
(North-western district), A. Lyallii Fiord district. The flat-cushioned species 
of Celmisia are of prime importance. C. discolor, C. Sinclairii and C. sessiliflora 
oceur throughout. C. dubia (North-western district), C. inzermedia (North-western 
district to the S. ofthe Western district), C. Walkeri (Western district south- 
wards), C. Aectori (Fiord district) and C. ramulosa (Fiord and South Otago), 
this a true shrub. Species of Gentiana are conspicuous when in flower; 
G. bellidifolia, G. Grisebachii (probably annual), G. fatula and G. divisa 
(local) occur throughout. G. Tewnsoni (North-western and Western districts), 
G. montana (North-western and Fiord districts) and some other species are of 
restricted distribution. Some of the smaller species of Ourisia are noticeable 
when in flower, e. g. — O. caespitosa (throughout), O. Cockayniana (Western 
and Fiord districts), O. sessiliflora (throughout), ©. prorepens (Fiord) and O. 
glandulosa (Fiord and South Otago). 
Certain subalpine shrubs invade the associations especially — Phyllocladus 
‚alpinus, several species of Coprosma and Veronica subalpina. Regular shrubby 
members are: — Coprosma cuneata, C. ramulosa, C. retusa, C. serrulata 
(spreading widely by means of underground stems), Gaultheria depressa, G. 
rupestris, Pentachondra pumila and Carmichaelia grandifiora. Important, but 
local are: — Dracophyllum Menziesii (Fiord district), Veronica vernicosa (North- 
western district to N. of Western district), Coprosma .depressa ‚(North-western 
district to N. of Western district) and ‚Sexecio revolutus (Fiord and S. Otago districts). 
The general carpet of the association may be a striking feature, if the 
taller plants are scanty, or it may merely fill up the intermediate spaces. The 
following species are more or less common throughout: — Hymenophyllum 
multifidum, Blechnum penna marina, Lycopodium fastigtatum, Hierochloe Fraseri, 
Agrostis Dyeri, Calamagrostis Pelosa, Deschampsia Chapmani, Trisetum an- 
farcticum, Danthonia semiannularis agg., Poa Pusilla, P. caespitosa, P. Cockay- 
niana, P. Colensoi, Festuca sp., Schoenus Ppaucıflorus, Uncinia compacta, U. 
Fusco-vaginata, Carex dissita var. monttcola, Astelia linearis, Ranunculus foliosus, 
: ‚Caltha novae-zelandiae, Geum parvifliorum, G. uniflorum, Acaena Sanguisorbae 
vars., Geranium microphyllum, Coriaria thymifolia, C. angustissima, Viola 
Cunninghamii, Eptlobium chloraefolium, Aciphylla Monroi, Anisotome aromatica, 
Angelica decipiens, Euphrasia revoluta, E. zeylandica and other species 
according to locality, Plantago Brownii, Wahlenbergia albomarginata, Phyllachne 
Colensoi, P. clavıgera, Forstera sedifolia, F. Bidwillii, Gnaphalium Traversii, 
Helichrysum beilidioides, Craspedia spp., Cotula pyrethrifolia, Senecio belli- 
dioides, S. Lyallii and Taraxacum magellanicum. 
& Stewart Island, 
As far as known, the only example of dry herb-field occurs on the 
Sheltered side of the summit of Mount Anglem (970 m altitude). The cushion- 
. plants of the wet herb-field, described below, are almost wanting. Danthonia 
Crassiuscula and D. pungens dominate. Ranunculus Lyallii, Celmisia Sinclairü 
a 
