er 
’ "Dune-hollows 
of Medicago and Melilotus officinalis are frequently present. 
. indigenous; so too in some places with the grass Lepturus incurvalus. 
mouth. of the R. Awatere (North-eastern district), there are pure colonies of 
290 Displacement and Replacement of Associations and Species. 
Cicutarium, Festuca myurus, Bromus hordeaceus, the Australian Agropyron 
pectinatum*), Carduus pycnocephalus, Cnicus arvensis and Vittadınıa australis var. 
Modified forest. 
After forest has been “milled”, and if the ground is not used for farming 
purposes, the undergrowth forms a dense mass and, in open spaces, foreign 
plants enter in, especially, — Rubus fruticosus, Onlaus arvensis and, in some 
localities, Arctium Lappa or Senecio Facobaea. Generally, more or less, fire 
purposely lit seizes upon the damaged forest, in which case, there will be 
wide breadths of species of Erechtites, the introduced Zrigeron canadensis and, 
in most places, an abundant growth of Aristotelia racemosa, together with 
more or less Fuchsia excorticata and the lianes Rudus australıs, Muchlenbeckia 
australis and Parsonsia heterophylla. Small pieces of forest, preserved from 
fire in gullies, maintain in large measure their primitive dien unless 
overrun by cattle. 7%e common opinion, that once a New Zealand rain-forest 
2s interfered with, it is doomed, is quite fallacious and is founded on the fact 
that such forest generally is destroyed since it falls a prey to fire plus grazing 
animals and then comes a ground-covering of grasses &c. 
Forest, slightiy damaged, is frequently invaded by Samducus nigra, the 
| seeds brought by birds, which will replace much of the undergrowth. 
Hypericum Androsaemum and, in the North Island, the liane Senecio mi- 
;, kanioides (9. Africa) are common just within the forest. Digitalis purpurea, 
a wet localities frequently invades modified rain-forest?) or, where this has be 
| en may occupy extremely wide areas. : 
\ Other. modified ne. os 
“Unstable dune is modified by the presence of Ammophila arenaria and 
to a much lesser degree Zlymus arenarius, both of which are planted in the 
first instance, and afterwards increase by means of seed from which plants 
dotted here and there arise only to form hillocks to be ‚eventually the en 
A the wind. 
s support many aliens of waste ne "Lagurus vatus, spp. 
 Plantago Coronopus is so abundant in some salt-meadows as to seem 
Om. shingle-beaches, on the northern shore of Cook Strait and near the 
Be For iurther particulars see PErrw 1912. On one we station, according to 
‚Sheep pastured in a was 75,000 un the n umber in 1910, 27,231, 
n. Agropyron pectinatum a its distribution. 
