a are. ei ‚Seiemil, Bean Zaol. and Bob 4 (1918): ‚59 
326 The History of the Flora from the Jurassie Period to the Present Time. 
every case on the supposition of ocean-transit, yet that such could apply to 
the organisms as a whole is a totally different matter. 
Galaxias attenuata, a fresh-water fish, occurs in New Zealand, Rn; 
S. E. Australia, the Falklands and ae South America. N RN 
a genus of earth-worms, is found in New Zealand including the Subantarctic 
'province, Kerguelen, Marion Island, the Crozets, South Georgia, the Falklands, 
Subantarctic South America and South Africa. Phraeodrilus, another genus, 
is represented, according to BENHAM (1909: 254), by 3 or 4 New Zealand 
species and 6 others distributed on Kerguelen, the Crozets, the Falklands and 
Fuegia. A species of terrestial crustaceans, genus Trzckoniscus, according to 
CHILTON (1909: 799), occurring in the Subantarctic province, is identical with 
a species of Fuegia, the Falklands and possibly with one of the Crozets. 
Jdotea lacustris, a fresh-water Isopod, occurs in New Zealand, Campbell Island 
and Subantarctic America. A spider, Pacificana Cockayni, Eon Bounty Island 
(Subantarctic province) is related to genera from Tasmania and Cape Horn. 
A group of fresh-water Crustacea, including the New Zealand genus Boeckella, 
is represented in extra-New Zealand Subantarctic lands by closely allied genera, 
while the genus itself occurs in subalpine lakes of Tasmania. The beetle 
Loxomerus is purely Subantarctic'). 
Just as the botanical evidence of the last chapter ea the zoological, of 
which the above is altogether incomplete, make out a strong case for a Su 
antarctic or Antarctic “land-bridge”, so does the great depth of the ocean to 
the S. and E. of the New Zealand continental shelf shake ones belief in the 
possibility of such connection. It is true that Captain DavıEs in Mawson’s 
Bra the Aurora, discovered a small area of comparatively shallow water to 
the 5. of Tasmania, but he likewise demonstrated the presence of very 
deep sea between Macquarie and Lord Auckland’s Islands. Further, as seen 
from the geogräphical chapter, New Zealand is surrounded by a fairly shallow 
sea, which to E. W. and S. suddenly sinks to a profound depth. Obviously, 
this shallow sea denotes an ancient land-surface, but the sudden drop 
affords strong evidence that deep water has existed, as at present, for an ex- 
tremely long period. On the other hand, there may have been a long-con- 
tinued earth-movement to which the present ocean-depth is due. However, 
the matter is one of mere speculation, and in the light of our present know- 
ledge only, a belief or disbelief in land-connection rests solely on the belief 
in the possibility or impossibility of the plants and animals having been able 
to cross the vast stretch of ocean by means of wind- or bird-carriage 
alone. The difficulty of believing in this lengthy transoceanic transit s Oo 
great that I must declare for the problematical “bridge”, but this must have . 
‚existed at 2EnR: antecedent to the advent of mammals on the connected area. 
3) From a en of the Üeteiksnkinh of brachiopod. es in Antaretic 3 ai subantaretic lands, = | 
3 A. Tiomson postulates land-connection or a relatively shallow sea between Australia, New- 
Zealand and Kerguelen Land, Antaretica and South America in the Ah Berünet, (Austral. Antı 
