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146 
seen on sandstone cliffs of various ages, from pre-Cambrian to 
Carboniferous. 
The headquarters of our cedar seem to be in the interior 
hardwood region of Eastern North America,* from southern 
Ontario to northern Alabama. There, from all accounts, it was 
very abundant in the pioneer days, especially on bare limestone 
rocks, forming the great cedar-glades of Middle Tennessee and 
adjacent territory, which have been mentioned by many observers 
(though strange to say no illustrations of them seem to have yet 
found their way into botanical or geographical literature). 
In addition to its natural habitats (of which those already 
mentioned do not exhaust the list), in southern New England, 
adjacent New York, and many other places the cedar is most 
commonly seen scattered in dry pastures and abandoned fields; 
and in nearly all parts of its range, particularly in the Piedmont 
region of Virginia, it is a familiar feature of roadsides and fence- 
rows. It is so common in such artificial or unnatural situations 
that it would be a difficult task to reconstruct its original distri- 
bution. 
In most of the places above described Juniperus does not have 
much competition from other trees; but in Florida and some 
parts of the coastal plain of Georgia and Alabama it is usually 
found in dense calcareous hammocks, where it is pretty well 
shaded, even when full grown. It grows in shady places outside 
* The interior hardwood region is not a sharply defined geographical unit, but 
it has certain distinctive characters besides the prevalence of hardwoods and the 
scarcity of pines. (On this latter point see Gattinger, Fl. Tenn. (ed. 2), 23-24. 
1901. Among them are: rock strata mostly Paleozoic and approximately hori- 
zontal, scarcity of sand and peat, wet winters and dry summers (in this connection 
see Gannett, U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply Paper no. 234, pl. 2, 1909), considerable 
seasonal fluctuation of streams, and frequency of Vbi rond spring flowers, 
medicinal plants, and trees with durable dark-colored heart-w 
ere are in the United States about two dozen places ааа ас half a 
dozen New Lebanons, and a few others in which Lebanon forms a part of the name. 
Quite a number of these are in the interior hardwood region, and it is extremely 
probable — some xus c Жарылу those in Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama) 
near by, in allusion to the classical ‘‘ cedar 
of Lebanon." Although there is not much resemblance between our cedar and 
Cedrus Libani, the cedar of Lebanon, the people who named most of these places 
were probably not familiar with the Old World tree, which is not often cultivated 
in this country. 
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ERA PO ee EXTREM eo ERES TAI. 
Pu у E m TRA, M SE IN. Oe 
