149 
theless, the evidence here presented seems to show that the cedar 
dreads fire more than it likes lime. 
Notwithstanding its tolerance of shade and sensitiveness to 
fire, in which it differs from many other conifers and most pioneer 
trees, the cedar has other pioneer characters besides its “ xero- 
phytic” leaves. It thrives in very thin and poor soils, and is 
rarely found native in deep rich soils, especially those of alluvial 
bottoms, where fire-protection is almost at its maximum. In 
the blue-grass region of Kentucky, which is characterized by 
rich calcareous soils, it seems to be chiefly confined to dry 
rocky places, such as the cliffs of the Kentucky River. The 
Florida hammocks in which our tree abounded before it became 
the prey of the pencil-makers are very near sea-level (and usually 
rocky as well), and the marshes and estuarine swamps are of 
course still lower; so that in all such places the ground-water 
level is at all times so near the surface that there is only a shallow 
zone in which aeration can take place and the common soil- 
forming agencies can work. Perhaps the cedar has little use 
for earthworms and other nitrogen-producing organisms; its rela- 
tions to these things deserve investigation. 
The following list contains references to about 400 places, 
mostly in easily accessible publications, where the habitats of 
Juniperus virginiana (as that species is defined at the beginning 
of this paper) in various parts of Eastern North America are 
mentioned. No attempt has been made to refer to places where 
it is merely listed as growing in a certain region, without any 
indication of habitat, except in a very few cases of special interest. 
The references for each state are arranged chronologically as 
far as possible, and the states alphabetically. It may seem 
tiresome to cite so many pages of the same book in some cases, 
but the reader who is not sufficiently interested to go into the 
matter deeply can at least get from this a crude idea of the 
relative abundance of cedar in each state, and one who may be 
making a special study of the vegetation of any one state will 
probably find a multiplicity of references useful.* 
* I have found nearly all these references in the libraries of either the Geological 
Survey of Alabama or the New York Botanical Garden. Most ot those relating 
to Iowa were first brought to my attention by Prof. L. H. Pammel. 
