12 TREATISE ON 



is done before the (a) sap begins to run. The following autumn the rooted cuttings are 

 lifted for planting permanently or in a nursery. 



For tree cuttings that take root easily, such as quince and Paradise apple, it's 

 sufficient to plant them in loose soil sheltered from the sun and that's cool, or kept that 

 way by a few waterings. 



Other methods & more detailed instructions on this subject are found in The 

 Natural History of Trees. Fruit tree stocks that are forked, twisted, or only of passable 

 strength are grafted with dwarf or low-stemmed trees from three to six inches above the 

 ground. Those that are vigorous and inclined to grow straight are raised to be grafted with 

 half-standard trees of three or four feet & standard trees of five to eight feet. One should 

 take care to cut off their lateral branches to ensure that they grow straighter and more 

 uniformly. But this pruning must be done bit-by-bit & successively, & not all at once. 

 The weak branches can be left where they are, and the strong ones cut three or four 

 inches from the trunk, or twisted to prevent them from getting stronger & taking over. 

 The following year they're cut even with the trunk. Since, as I've shown in The Natural 

 History oj Trees , branches and roots grow in proportion to one another & that the more 

 branches a tree has, the more the roots grow, so that if all of the tree's branches were cut 

 off, it would become thin & not develop any substance at all. 



The stocks on which plum, pear, apple, & even cherry trees are grafted all can be 

 grafted as 



that sometimes develop rapidly on cuttings are merely (a) If some onset of running of the sap is suspected, 



doubtful indications of their success, and that deplete the cuttings must be pruned, left exposed to the 



their sap before they're able to form roots. air for several days but sheltered from the sun, and then 



planted. 



