FRUIT TREES. Chap. I. 27 



two considerations that only can promote the attachment of the graft to the stock & 

 guarantee the success of the operation. 



4°. The ligature should begin at the point of the shield graft & wind upward until 

 the incisions are completely covered. The turns should not be circular or spiral, but 

 should criss-cross over the vertical incision & on the opposite side of the stock. If a wool 

 or cotton cord is used, there's no concern that these materials will compress the graft too 

 tightly. But hemp & osier bark don't stretch & lengthen at all, and care must be taken not 

 to tighten them any more than is necessary to keep the graft securely on the stock & 

 allow neither air nor rain to penetrate the space between them. A month or six weeks 

 after the operation, it's necessary to inspect the grafts & to loosen ligatures that are too 

 tight that easily can cause the bark of the stock to swell or thicken above & below the 

 ligature. 



It may be useful to include some other techniques of grafting that may seem easier 

 to perform or more certain to succeed, or be more suitable for particular applications & in 

 circumstances where the ones above can't be used. 



IV. Approach Graft. This is a different kind of graft that is performed on two 

 nearby trees or on ones that can be brought close to one another. 



1°. Figure 7. A small vertical piece of bark is removed from one side of a branch 

 O of a separate tree. A similar piece of bark is removed from one side of the stock P. The 

 two exposed woody surfaces are brought in contact immediately, so that at least several 

 points on the intermediate layer between the wood & the phloem of the graft & of the 

 stock are juxtaposed. 



