108 
black and red, from the color of the bark and leaf. White Cedar, 
Red Cedar. Savin. Juniper. Ivy, a shrub. Box.’ ” 
13: 82. “We have raised a pretty many fine plants from 
the tree in the Jerseys. It is a real Lotus or Nettle Tree (Celtis 
occidentalis L.), and is a native of your part of the world; is 
found in Virginia and in other parts.” 
13: 110. “I had the pleasure of thine from Maryland.... 
the Laurels are perfectly fine. That and the white cedar are 
very acceptable.” 
13: 194. “A journey to the Katskill Mountains, 1753. We 
set out on the first of September, and travelled forty miles; the 
next day we travelled near fifty and the next day crossed the 
South Chains, being three ridges of our Blue Mountains, on 
Jersey side, where we stayed ... to rest ourselves, and observe 
the vegetables that grew thereon; which were Mountain Chest- 
nut oak, Mountain or Champagne Red Oak, and some Spanish 
Oak, Sassafras, Chestnut and Maple; Ash, black and white, 
Wild Cherry, Persimmon, and three leaved pine. Shrubs, sweet 
fern, and in swampy places, Prinos; and very good Fox Grapes. 
tae (Alnus incana) which is plentiful in this part of the coun- 
try.” 
13: 232. “I have sent thee seeds of almost every tree and 
shrub from Nova Scotia to Carolina; very few are wanting, 
and from the sea across the continent to the lakes. J. Bartram. 
RESUME 
While the quotations just given do not give us a complete 
picture of the former vegetation, they do enable one to draw 
some conclusions as to its character. The woods were apparently 
freer from underbrush than is the case at present, a condition 
which may be attributed directly to the absence of man and his 
improvements via the axe, plow and fire. The large size at- 
tained by many of the trees is further evidence that there was 
little or no disturbance and the forests consequently largely 
closed. In undisturbed stands of timber at the present time this 
condition is sometimes met with, though it is by no means com- 
In a number of the references there seems to be some confu- 
n as to certain of the species of conifers, a condition which 
may probably be corrected by substituting Hemlock for Spruce 
and Fir where these are given occurring south of their present 
sio 
