VIII 



CONTENTS 



5. Asia 168 



a. Central and Asiatic Russia 168 



b. China 168 



c. Japan 168 



d. British India 168 



e. Malay Archipelago 168 



f . Indian Ocean Islands 168 



g. Asiatic Turkey 168 



6. Africa 168 



a. Mediterranean States* 168 



b. East Africa 168 



c. South Africa** 169 



d. Atlantic Islands 169 



7. Australasia 169 



I. TENDING OF FORESTS 169 



1. General* 169 



2. Restoration of Neglected Woods 169 



3. Pruning* 170 



4. Lopping 172 



5. Thinning 172 



a. General* 172 



b. Financial aspects of thinning 175 



c. Influence of thinning on increment 175 



6. Tools and Machinery used in Silviculture* . 176 



V. FOREST PROTECTION 177 



A. GENERAL* 177 



B. PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN 

 COUNTRIES 177 



1. North America 177 



a. Canada 177 



b. United States 178 



2. Central America 179 



3. South America 179 



4. Europe 179 



a. Sweden 179 



b. Russia 179 



c. German Empire 180 



d. Holland 180 



e. Belgium 180 



f. British Islands 180 



g. France* 180 



h. Spain* 181 



i. Italy 181 



j. Switzerland 181 



k. Austria-Hungary 181 



5. Asia 181 



British India 181 



6. Australasia 181 



a. Australia 181 



b. New Zealand 181 



C. FOREST FIRES AND PROTECTION THERE- 

 FROM 181 



1. General* 181 



2. North America 181 



a. Canada 181 



b. United States 182 



3. Europe . 182 



a. Scandinavia 182 



b. Russia 182 



c. German Empire 182 



d. Belgium* 182 



e. British Islands 183 



f. France 183 



g. Spain 183 



h. Italy 183 



i. Switzerland 183 



■j. Austria-Hungary 184 



4. Asia** 184 



British India 184 



5. Africa 184 



Algeria 184 



D. EROSION, LAND-SLIDES, INUNDATION, 

 AND PROTECTION THEREFROM 181 



1. General 184 



2. North America 184 



3. Europe 184 



a. General 184 



b. Russia 1 185 



c. German Empire 185 



d. British Islands 185 



e. France* 185 



f. Spain* 186 



g. Italy 186 



h. Switzerland* 187 



i. Austria-Hungary 187 



j. Rumania • . . . . '. 188 



4. Asia ' 188 



E. AVALANCHES AND PROTECTION THERE- 

 FROM 188 



F. INJURIES CAUSED BY METEORIC AND CLI- 

 MATIC INFLUENCES 188 



1. Injuries caused by Wind* 188 



2. Injuries caused by Snow, Rime, Hail and Rain* 1S9 



3. Injuries caused by Frost* ..." 191 



4. Injuries caused by Drought and Heat . . . 192 



5. Injuries caused by Gases, Smoke, etc.* . . . 192 



6. Injuries caused by Lightning* ...... 193 



G. DISEASES AND INJURIES IN GENERAL . 195 



1. Manuals and General Treatises 195 



2. Various Publications 195 



H. INJURIES CAUSED BY MAN AND ANIMALS . 196 



1. General 196 



2. Injuries caused by Man* 196 



3. Injuries caused by Game 196 



4. Injuries caused by Grazing Animals* .... 197 



5. Injuries caused by Rodents* 197 



6. Injuries caused by Birds . . 198 



7. Diseases and Injuries caused by Insects and 

 other Invertebrates 199 



a. General* 199 



b. Liparis monacha* 200 



c. Melolontha vulgaris* 202 



d. Scolytidae* 203 



e. Various insects of North America 205 



f . Various insects of Europe 205 



I. Scandinavia* ' 205 



II. Russia 205 



III. German Empire* 205 



IV. Holland* ' 208 



V. Belgium* 208 



VI. British Islands 208 



VII. France* 209 



VIII. Spain* 209 



IX. Italt 209 



X. Switzerland 209 



XI. Austria-Hungary 209 



XII. Balkan Peninsula 210 



g. Various insects of Asia 210 



I. Turkestan . 210 



II. British India* . 210 



III. Malay Archipelago 210 



h. Various insects of Africa 210 



i. Various insects of Australia 210 



I. DISEASES AND INJURIES CAUSED BY 

 PLANTS 210 



1. Diseases and Injuries caused by Vascular 

 Plants 210 



2. Diseases caused by Fungi* 211 



VI. MENSURATION 213 



A. GENERAL 213 



B. HEIGHT OF STANDING TREES*. . . . .215 



C. VOLUME OF STANDING TREES AND WHOLE 

 FORESTS* 216 



D. CONTENTS OF FELLED TIMBER* . . . .219 



E. VOLUME-TABLES, CUBING-TABLES . . .229 



F. INSTRUMENTS OF MEASUREMENT . . .231 



G. DETERMINATION OF INCREMENT, AGE, 

 AND YIELD 232 



1. Determination of Increment and Increment 



in General* 232 



2. Determination of Age 235 



3. Determination of Yield* 235 



VII. FOREST MANAGEMENT AND VAL- 

 UATION 239 



A. MANUALS AND HANDBOOKS OF FOREST 

 MANAGEMENT 239 



B. VARIOUS PUBLICATIONS ON FOREST MAN- 

 AGEMENT 241 



1. General* 241 



