STONE INDUSTRY. 217 



TOOLS USED BY THE WORKERS. 



The filter-makers use the following tools in their work : 



Chisels. Usually purchased from quarry workers. 



Croivhar. Not much used, a bar of wood being often used. 

 Purchased. 



Hatchet or ax. Purchased. 



Bolo. Made by Iloko smiths of Santa, Ilokos Sur. Either 

 purchased direct or from peddlers. 



The quarry workers do their work with the following tools: 



Chisels. These are of various sizes and shapes, some ending 

 in a point, others in a cutting edge. The steel for these im- 

 plements is bought in bars by the workers. These are then 

 cut to the required lengths, and tempered by some of the men 

 themselves. Two or three smithies for making and sharpen- 

 ing tools exist in San Esteban under the houses of stone work- 

 ers. The equipment consists of a bellows, made of two hollow 

 cylinders of wood fitted with pistons headed with cock's feathers, 

 a hollow scooped out in the ground for a charcoal fire, one or 

 two pairs of pincers, a stone trough for water, and a rude anvil. 



Wedges. These are obtained in the same manner as the 

 chisels. 



Hammers. A stone worker usually has two of these, a large 

 one used as a sledge-hammer and a small one used to drive the 

 chisels. Both kinds are usually purchased from Iloko smiths 

 of Santa, Ilokos Sur, although several of the stone workers 

 claim to be able to make them for themselves. 



Hatchet. Secured by purchase. 



Crowbar. Either bought ready-made or fashioned from a bar 

 by the stone workers. 



No explosives are used by the stone workers. 



SITUATION OF QUARRIES. 



The situation of the quarries with reference to the harbor 

 of San Esteban and the main north-and-south highway is of 

 importance in estimating the possibilities of this stone industry. 

 Stone for various purposes may be obtained in numerous local- 

 ities within the boundaries of the municipality, but the only 

 quarries in use at present are the following: 



Mabuyag. — This is the most conveniently located quarry, and 

 is probably the most used. It lies on the western face of a 

 hill about 35 kilometers south of Vigan, and about 2 kilometers 

 north of the presidencia of San Esteban. It lies almost im- 

 mediately on the main north-and-south highway which passes 



