84 BARTON. 



the malt back in the jar. The rice wine is dipped up from these wooden 

 bowls by means of coconut shells, taug, the rims of which have been 

 notched to fit the mouth. Wooden troughs, tingap, are filled with betel 

 nuts and betel leaves.* In one trough are some twelve to twenty stones 

 called buga.^ Whenever an animal is killed at the granary some of its 

 blood is smeared on each of these stones, the person smearing it saying: 

 "Thou, blood stone, do not get lost."^" Three or four palipal, or bamboo 

 clappers, are placed in the trough with the luga. The palipal is essen- 

 tially a partially split stick of bamboo about fifty centimeters long, the 

 halves of which clap sharply together when it is shaken. A large flatfish 

 basket of cooked rice, hinamdr, is provided for the Unauwa. According 

 to the Ifugao, everything living or dead has an invisible, immaterial 

 shadow, and it is this shadow that the Unauwa iise. After repeated 

 investigations I have been unable to find any term for this shadow. 

 When hard pressed for a name two or three men have called it the 

 Unauwa; but a lanauwa, strictly speaking, is the soul of a man, an animal, 

 or a plant. At any rate, it is a convenient provision of the Ifugao reli- 

 gion that the spirits use the invisible, immaterial, part of the rice wine, 

 betel nuts, blanket, bolo, or other offering, leaving the material part for 

 the consumption or use of the living. After all these things, bubud, 

 betel nuts, betel leaves, cooked rice, paUpal, and blood stones, have been 

 placed in the center of the mat, the people take their places, squatting ' 

 in a ring about them. 



Let us look at the principal actors in the ceremony about to begin. 

 There are twenty men and three women present, this being about the 

 usual ratio of the sexes represented at these feasts, and any number of 

 small boys and girls. The larger children are busy in the rice fields. 

 Occasionally, however, one of the large boys who is carrying rice to the 

 gi'anary remains for a few minutes to watch the ceremonies, and to 

 rest after climbing the steep hillside. A typical feast will be described. 



' The betel nuts are kept in the troughs from year to year. In some of the 

 prayers of this feast the rice is called on to become hard and dry in imitation 

 of the betel nuts. It is told to "follow" the betel nuts, which stay in the granary 

 from year to year; not to be eaten up; not to disappear, but to have a portion 

 left at the next harvest. 



"The following is the story of the buga: Alingdayu, the place spirit of Naga- 

 daiigan, used to eat gold. In his stomach the gold turned to stone. He gave 

 this stone to Balitok, the Ifugao Noah, who, with his sister Bugan, survived a 

 flood that drowned all other people. Alingdayu told Balitok that so long as he 

 kept the stone he would have good crops. Balitok put other stones with this 

 original stone and these others acquired its properties. He gave them to his 

 children and they have added to the number according to the demands of the 

 increased population. 



'° He'a, buga, adika mondekela. 



