222 REVIEWS. 



the supporter and founder of thaf at Xaples, while one of the best of the 

 French stations, Yillefranche, is related to, although not under, the admin- 

 istrative control of the University of Kief of Russia. The geographical 

 location of the seashore of Germany has turned a very considerable number 

 of the biological students of Germany to the Naples station, while the 

 French students have been able to seek work on their own more favored 

 coast. This is indicated by the list of the attendance at Xaples, which 

 Dr. Kofoid gives by coimtries during the years of 1873 to 1909. Out of 

 1,934: occupants of research tables, Germany furnishes the largest number, 

 namely, 630, while Prance furnishes but -4. The United States is sixth 

 in this list of countries. 



The report deals very clearly with the economic or applied scientific 

 activities of the biological stations. One particularly valuable feature 

 lies in the statements made of the objects which certain stations are 

 attempting to accomplish, and the lines of investigaion which are being 

 followed. 



The distribution of the fresh water stations, and their numbers in 

 the various countries as compared with the marine stations, is significant 

 both of the geographical location and of the economic interests of these 

 countries. In Prance four out of 20 stations are fresh-water. In Great 

 Britain but one out of 12, in Germany and Austria-Hungary, each, 

 six out of 10, in Scandinavia four out of 13. in Finland two out of 3, 

 and in Eussia three out of 7. 



Thirty-nine of the 85 stations, may be termed independent: that is, 

 they are supported either bj' private individuals or by societies, or by 

 local societies in conjimction with private persons and are not controlled 

 by the government or by a university. Nearly all of these independent 

 stations receive grants of money from their respective governments but 

 without being brought thereby under governmental control. It is sig- 

 nificant that these indejiendent stations on the whole, include, the finest 

 of all, such as that at Xaples, the Institute of Oceanography at Monaco, 

 the PljTnouth Marine Biological Stations, and stations of the Liverpool 

 Marine Biological Committee. 



Twenty are supported by universities, generally as coordinate divisions 

 of the Zoological departments. The development of the university 

 biological stations in Prance is noteworthy in contrast with other Euro- 

 pean countries, for 13 are related to French universities while a four- 

 teenth, that at Villefranehe, is related to the Eussian University of Kief. 

 In Germany and Austria-Hungary but a single university possesses its 

 own zoological station. This is no doubt to be explained by the fact that 

 the governmental department of public instruction to a large extent con- 

 trols and supports all of the stations of these countries. 



There are thus remaining 32 stations in Europe which are directly 

 supported by governmental agencies. All of these and about half of the 



