224 REVIEWS. 



mination of physical type are introduced by Doctor Bean, namely, Ear 

 Type and The Omphalic Index. 



"Types of human ears are established for the first time, and each ear type 

 is associated with a physical type of man. * * * The types of ears not of 

 European origin are morphologically older than the European ears. The Spanish 

 population of Manila has ear types which are closely simulated by the European 

 types among the Filipino.s. » * * Ear type seems to be independent of pig- 

 mentation to some extent, because the same type of ear is found on blond and 

 brunette Europeans, on dark-skinned and light-skinned Filipinos, and on dark- 

 skinned Indians and light-skinned Chinese." 



One of the most important factors in favor of ear type as a means of 

 somatologieal classification is that it is so little modified by natural 

 selection. The Omphalic Index is described by the author as follows : 



"The position of the umbilicus in relation to the pubis and the suprasternal 

 notch, although it is more variable than the two points last mentioned, is of im- 

 portance in the differentiation of the species of men. * * » xhe index is 

 found by dividing the distance of the umbilicus from the pubic spine by its 

 distance from the suprasternal notch. This indicates its relative position on 

 the body. If the index is high, the umbilicus is relatively near the suprasternal 

 notch, but if low, it is relatively near the pubic spine. I propose the name of 

 Omphalic Index for the index of the umbilicus." 



Class II. From a study of the measurements of 2,500 white Amer- 

 icans, 100 American negroes, 1,500 lowland Filipinos (chiefly Tagalog), 

 and 104 Igorots of Benguet and Bontoc, together with various smaller 

 numbers of published measurements of Eussians, Siberians, Chinese, 

 Japanese, etc., the author finds but three systematic species of the genus 

 Homo. These he names Iberian, Australoid, and Primitive. The Iberi- 

 an is the fundamental European type, the Australoid the fundamental 

 negroid tyj)e, and the Primitive the fundamental type of the Orient and 

 of the Pacific peoples. But among all races, and in all countries of the 

 world thus far examined, all three types are to be found in varying 

 proportions. 



"Among Europeans the other types resemble the Iberian; among negroes the 

 other types resemble the Australoid; and among Orientals the other types re- 

 semble the Primitive. The composition of any group of people, large or small, 

 depends on the relative proportions of each type that entered into the composi- 

 tion of the group, the time during which the types have been in contact, the 

 conditions of food, water, air, habits, etc., and other factors. There is no evi- 

 dence that any type of man that ever existed has disappeared entirely,^ although 

 there is evidence that the types have become somewhat modified in diflTerent parts 

 of the world." 



Class III. In his study of the people of the Philippines Doctor 

 Bean finds the three systematic species already mentioned, and these he 

 further divides into twelve varieties, viz., Iberian A, B, C, D, Primary and 



' In connection with this statement attention might be called to the Tasma- 

 nians, as a possible exception. 



