Pupa, d:c. o/Orphncpliila tcstacen. 637 



The larva is aniphipncustic : a pair of spiracles occur 

 on the upper sides of the prothorax at the lower marj^iu 

 of tlie " saddle "'; these are in the form of a short black 

 cylinder (PI. VII. fi<^. 7) with an extended lip studded with 

 minute points, the ends of very fine canals. Functional 

 spiracles also occur upon the dorsum of the eighth abdominal 

 segment (usp, PI. VII. fig. 9) on the anterior half between 

 two large, conical, fleshy protuberances. The two tracheie 

 unite just below the cuticle and share a common elliptical 

 spiracle. The structure of these spiracles will be discussed 

 in detail by Dr. Keilin in a forthcoming paper on respiration 

 in insects. 



The extremity of the abdomen bears two pairs of slender, 

 digitate, anal blood-gills above the anus {ag, PI. VII. fig. 10). 



Chcetotaxy : the macrochaetse have a tendency to go in 

 pairs and to be split at the end into two, three, or four. 

 On the first seven abdominal segments there are two pairs 

 of cluTetie at the ventral margin of the dorsal "saddle/' the 

 anterior pair simple, the posterior split (PL VII. fig. 1). The 

 three thoracic and eighth abdominal segments show a slight 

 modification of this arrangement. The latter bears a dorsal 

 split pair just above the anus, and behind the posterior 

 spiracle a pair of processes more like slender chitinous 

 tubercles surmounted by four chtetse (PI. VII. fig. 10). 



Numerous microchaetse are present on the sides and 

 venter, but these do not exhibit any regular arrangement. 

 The ventro-lateral thoracic groups representing the rudi- 

 mentary^ sense-organs of the absent legs (si, PI. VII. fig. 1) 

 consist of two pairs of hairs each, the ventral pair long and 

 slender, the dorsal very short (PI. VII. fig. 4). 



Description of Pupa. 



The pupa (PI. VII. fig. 3) presents a curious angular 

 appearance occasioned by the prominent dorsal and lateral 

 shields or plates with which the first seven abdominal 

 segments are furnished. The thorax is corrugated into 

 numerous ridges and hollows. The prothoracic horns are 

 large, approximately vase-shaped, flattened laterally, with a 

 row of spiracular papillse (de ^Meijere^ 1902) encircling the 

 truncated extremity (PI. VII. fig. 6). 



The most important characteristic of the pupa is that it 

 is peripneustic, having spiracles (PL VII. fig. 8) on all the 

 abdominal segments but the first and last. Thienemann 

 overlooked these, but figured a structure on the metathorax 

 which he thought might be a spiracle ; my two specimens, 

 being rather poorly preserved, do not show this structure, 

 but no doubt spiracles could be found here in fresh material. 



