188 STRONG. 



the (lill'iise flagella of the organism of tick fever as pictured bj' Zettnow " 

 served as an additional "clinching" proof and effectual!}' differentiated 

 it from Sp. obcrnieieri which had, according to their observations, but 

 a single terminal flagellum. Uhlenhutli and Haendel ^^ later claimed 

 that Novy was not working with Spirocliwta ohcrmeieri, but with another 

 species, an American varietj'. Friinkel " claimed that numerous flagella 

 were present on Novy's organism. Breinl and Kinghorn " found that 

 a monkey and several rats immunized against the American spirochaeta 

 (supposed to be identical with 8p. ohermneri) remained susceptible to 

 the African species. They were also able to infect a horse, dogs, rabbits, 

 guinea pigs and other animals with the tick- fever parasite. They 

 therefore concluded that the two varieties, American and African re- 

 lapsing fever, are distinct. In 1896 and 1897 G-abritschewsky " and 

 Loeventhal ^* suggested and employed the serum for diagnostic purposes 

 in cases of relapsing fever, observing its bactericidal and agglutinative 

 reaction under the microscope. Later Karlinski,''" Eoutkewitsch," 

 Mielkich ^^ and particularly Hodlmoser ^* also employed this method for 

 diagnostic purposes, though not always with satisfactory results. In 

 1906 Novy and Knapp proposed to differentiate the different species of 

 spirochfetae by serum reactions, specific agglutinins and bacteriolysins, as 

 well as by animal inoculations. Uhlenhuth and Haendel " and Frankel,^® 

 during the past year, and very recently Manteufel,^" by means of animal 

 inoculations as well as by agglutinative and bacteriolytic reactions, have 

 found that different results are obtained with the European, African and 

 American spirocha^ae, and they regard them as tliree distinct species. 



I have emphasized elsewhere ^^ the difficulties encountered in per- 

 forming agglutinative and bacteriolytic tests with the spirochaetae of 

 this group and the frequency with which pseudo-reactions occur. By far 

 the most accurate method of differentiation of these species of spiro- 

 chaetae is by the inoculation, with the strain of the spirochaeta to be 



' Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infeciionskrankh. (1906), 52, 5.39. 



"4r6. a. d. k. Gsndlsamte (1907), 26, Heft I, 1. 



"^ Hijfj. Rundschau (1907) 17, 26.3. 



'^Lancet (1906), 1, 1690; iJem. Liv. School Trap. Med. (1906), 20, 61, 69, 

 and 21, 1. 



"AxH. Inst. Past. (1896), 10, 630. 



^* Deutsche med. Wchn.^ch. (1897), 23, 560. 



I'Wten. klin. Wchnsch. (1903), 16, 447; Centrhl. f. Bakt., etc. (1902), abt. 1, 

 31, 566. 



^"Baumg. Jahresh. (1898), 14, 613. 



" Baumg. Jahresh. (1900), 16, 434. 



" Wifin. med. Wchnsch. (1904), 54, 2310; Zeitschr. f. Heilh. Abt. Interne Med. 

 1905 new .series 6, 506. 



^'Berl. klin. Wchnsch. (1907), 44, 681. 



'^ Arh. a. d. k. Gsndhtsamte (1907), 27, Hefte II., 327. 



'^This Journ. Sec. B. (1908), 3, 231. 



