DIET AND NUTRITION OF FILIPINOS. 197 



This table shows that the dog with its normal coat of hair requires 

 no additional food to maintain its normal body temperature when the 

 atmospheric temperature is lowered from 30° to 20° C. A layer of fat 

 has about the same protective influence as a layer of hair. This has 

 been shown by an experiment similar to the one just described. These 

 facts which have been demonstrated experimentally for the dog are even 

 more strikingly true in the case of man. In civilized countries, man 

 endeavors to render the chemical regulation of body temperature unneces- 

 sary by covering the skin with clothing, the cooler the climate, the thicker 

 the clothes worn. Air is, moreover, the most efficient and important 

 constituent of clothing. Fine furs are warm because they contain 98 

 per cent of air, which is a much poorer conductor of heat than fiber. 

 Eubner has, furthermore, shown that a man feels comfortably warm only 

 when the chemical regulation is completely eliminated ; if this is not 

 the case, he has a chilly feeling. Now it is clear that man in different 

 climates will not require different quantities of fuel material to maintain 

 his normal body temperature. As a matter of fact, by means of variations 

 in the amount and the character of clothing, we live in all climates under 

 about the same conditions with regard to our chemical heat regulation; 

 and only under the supposition that we wore the light clothing of the 

 tropics in cooler climates, Avould the hypothesis mentioned in the begin- 

 ning of this discussion be correct. As Eubner has expressed it, man 

 in the temperate zone is in a tropical climate as regards his heat regula- 

 tion. Furthermore, we should not forget the importance of adipose tissue 

 as a factor in heat regulation. I agree fully with Graham Lusk when 

 he says "there can be no doubt that climatic conditions modify racial 

 characteristics. The emigrant from northern Europe, living upon a farm 

 in a hot and often moist climate of an American summer, must restrict 

 his layer of adipose tissue if he is to live comfortably. The same holds 

 true in Italy. On the contrary, the Eskimo cultivates a thick fat layer 

 to protect himself from frost." In the Filipino there is, as a rule, 

 an almost complete absence of the fat layer. Tliese considerations and 

 the conclusion that the demand for food of a civilized man in a temjierate 

 climate is not higher than in a tropical climate have been verified by the 

 extended researches of Ejkman,- who has applied the method of Zuntz to 

 determine the quantity of oxygen inspired and carbon-dioxide expired. 

 He determined the consumption of oxygen ])er minute and found: 



O.xygen consumccl 

 per minute (cc.) 



In Batavia, in Malays (average) 251.3a 



in Batavia, in Europeans (average) 24.5.7a 



In Europe (cold weather), in Europeans (average) 250.3a 



" These figures are calculated for a body Weight of 6-t kilograms. 

 'Arch. f. (lie (jsmtc. Physiol, des Memch. u. d. Thiere. (189()). 64, 57-78. 



