252 CLEMENTS. 



are ooiuiet-ted m ith tlie honsc by a hiiiiiboo bridge (Plates XIII & 

 XIV); 76 are without such connection. -These })rivies have no seats; 

 the user squats over a hole in the floor, and the night soil falls through 

 to the ground. The space under the floor is inclosed usually, but a hole 

 large enough for the pig to get through is left invariahly at the back of 

 the inclosure. The result is that there is no accumulation — the pig acts 

 • as scavenger. On 433 premises, or 33.3 per cent, pits were found which 

 were intended to serve as dry-earth closets. These, however, are of 

 recent introduction, having been dug in January of the present year, 

 by direction of the local health officer, at a time when there was a small 

 outbreak of cholera in the adjoining town of Cainta. More than half 

 of these pits are not used now, the people having resumed their old 

 habits. Sixty of those still in use are provided with a covering, and 

 8 of these have a shelter in addition. Eleven of the raised outhouses 

 have pits underneath and there are 56 premises where" outhouses and pits 

 exist separately. Of the entire number, 81 may be said to fulfill satis- 

 factorily the function of a dry-earth closet. 



Those who have neither outhouses nor pits either use a vessel in the 

 house which is emptied early in the morning at any convenient place, 

 or, if they live near the edge of the town, they go into the nearest clump 

 of bushes. Urination at home is frequently performed through the 

 kitchen floor. Away from home, the women will squat, with the skirts 

 arranged in as wide a circle as possible; men simply go up to and face 

 the nearest bush, tree, or wall. 



Tiie figiires given above with regard to the disposition of f«ces nuiy be 

 tabulated as follows: 



Number of house.s to which the data refer 1,299 



Number of houses with no provision for disposal of night soil 591 



Number of houses with raised outhouse and pit in connection 11 



Niunber of houses with raised outhouse and separate pit 50 



Number of houses with raised outhouse alone 275 



Number of houses with simple pit 298 



Number of houses with pit with cover CO 



Number of houses with pit with cover and loof 8 



THE SURROUNDINGS OF THE HOUSE. 



The average size of the lots upon which the houses are built may be 

 estimated at 500 square meters, though there are sections of the town in 

 which the lots are much smaller than this. The house is usually built 

 on one corner of the lot, so that in most instances there is ample space 

 between tbe hovises. Occasionally a small number of houses are grouped 

 together, being only about a meter apart. There are no "back alleys." 

 The streets vary from 5 to 8 metei's in width. Little work is done on 

 Ihom, and the middle of the street is usually ankle deep in dust in dry 

 weather, and in wet weather still deeper in mud, there being no storm- 

 water draiiuige except tlie little piovided by the natural slope of the land. 



