PEEFACE TO THE TENTH EDITION. 



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634 



636 



Tenth 

 Edition. 

 Vol. II. 



Page 



284 

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315 



316 

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828 



829 



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353 



354 



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368 



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432 



Additions and Corrections. 



of Creation/ and on the theory of ^Natural Selection,' as 

 advocated hy Mr. 0. Darwin and Mr. A. Wallace. The 

 change of opinion produced by Mr. Darwin's work on 

 ^ The Origin of Species ' is pointed out, and Dr. Hooker's 

 views on the formation of species in the vegetable world 

 by variation and selection are noticed. 



This Thirty-sixth Chapter is for the most part new. It con- 

 tains an explanation of Mr. Darwin's views on the for- 

 mation of new races by selection^ both imconscious and 

 methodical, whether of plants or animals imder domesti- 

 cation. His doctrine of * Pangenesis/ or the manner in 

 which long-lost characters may be revived in the offspring 

 of cross-breeds, is also alluded to. Likewise tbe fact that 

 certain parts of animals or plants may be made to vary by 

 selection, while other parts of the same remain rmaltered. 

 The hybridisation of plants and animals is also considered 

 in its bearing on the nature and origin of species. 



This Thirty-seventh Chapter is also fcr the most part new. 

 It treats of natural as compared to artificial selection. The 

 tendency of species to multiply beyond the means of 

 subsistence, the struggle for life, and the conditions on 

 which ^ the survival of the fittest ' depends, are explained. 

 The opinions of Linnaeus, de Candolle, and Darwin on 

 species are compared. It is sbown that alternate gene- 

 ration will not explain the mode of origin of new species. 



Chapter Thirty-eight, on the geographical distribution of 

 species, has been re-written. The six great provinces of 

 distinct species of terrestrial mammalia are chiefly dwelt 

 upon, and the agreement of the limitation of the species 

 of birds and reptiles, and even of the invertebrate animals 

 generally, to the same regions, is pointed out. 



Chapter Thirty-nine, on the migration and diffusion of 

 terrestrial animals, is re-printed, with a few slight additions 

 and corrections, from the ninth edition. 



This woodcut of the Lemming or Lapland Marmot, taken 

 from a specimen now living in the Zoological Gardens of 

 London, has been substituted for a less faithful represent- 

 ation of the same animal given in former editions. ^ 



The Fortieth Chapter, on the geographical distribution and 

 migration of fish, testacea, insects and plants, is for the 

 most part the same as in the ninth edition. But the 

 following additions and alterations have been made: 

 Species of marine shells and fishes on opposite sides of 

 the Isthmus of Panama, p. 870. Moths seen flying 300 

 miles from land, p. 380. Sir C. Bunbury on plants of the 

 Table-land of Brazil, p. 385. Darwin on seeds and fruits 

 immersed in salt water without injury, p. 391. Kobert 

 Brown on source of the gulf-weed or sargassum, p. 392. 

 Darwin on seeds transported by birds, p. 396. 



The Forty-first Chapter is entirely new. It treats of insular 

 floras and faunas considered with reference to the origin 

 of species. ^ The islands of the Eastern Atlantic, especially 

 the Madeiras and Canaries, their volcanic origin and 

 Miocene age, are first treated of, and then the extent to 



