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Ch. XLVIL] 



HIS WORKS IN SUBAQUEOUS STEATA. 



559 



dog were already domesticated, agriculture had commenced, 

 and flax was cultivated and woven into tissues. 



Next in our retrospective survey we come to the monuments 

 of what M. Lartet has called the Rein-deer period, when that 

 animal abounded in the South of France. 



To this era belong the caves of the Dordogne in central 



France, in which MM. Lartet, Christy, and others have ob- 

 tained thousands of implements made out of stone, bone, and 

 horn without a trace of any associated pottery, still less of 

 metallic tools, or polished stone implements. M. Lartet 

 found in one cave of this period at La Madeleine a fragment 

 of mammoth tusk on which was rudely carved a representa- 

 tion of the animal itself; a fact which seems to prove that this 

 species coexisted with these cave-men. Traces also of the 

 musk-ox and cave-lion have been met with in the same caves, 

 but some doubts are still entertained whether these quadrupeds 

 were contemporary with the men of the Rein-deer period. 

 This period may be considered as intermediate between the 

 Neolithic and Palaeolithic ages, but it has been classed pro- 

 visionally by Sir J. Lubbock as Palaeolithic. The climate 

 then prevailing in the south of Europe was evidently much 

 colder than it is now, but the state of physical geography 

 has not since undergone any material alteration. 



Lastly we arrive at the still older monuments of the Palseo- 

 lithic Period properly so called, which consist chiefly of un- 

 polished stone implements buried in ancient river-gravels and 

 in the mud and stalagmite of caves. Both the gravel and the 

 caves are now so situated in their relation to the present 

 ^ drainage and geography of the countries where they occur as 

 to imply a great lapse of intervening time during which the 

 erosive power of rivers has been active in deepening the 

 valleys. The implements of this age in "Western Europe are 

 chiefly composed of chalk-flint — more rarely of chert from the 

 greensand. Besides being unpolished they diff*er in shape 

 from those of the Neolithic age."^ They are associated with 

 remains of the mammoth, the woolly-haired rhinoceros, the 

 hippopotamus, the musk-ox, and many other quadrupeds of 



* See Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man,' pv- 114 and 118, and Lubbock's *Pre-historie 

 Times.' 



