ZOOLOGY. 75 
Lemur, is a perfect link between the Half-Apes and Bats, 
the Cheiromys foreshadows the order of gnawers, resembling 
in appearance, as well as in the structure of the teeth, the 
gnawers (Rat, Squirrel) more than the Half-Monkeys. The 
short-footed Lemurs (Makis and Loris) are more like the 
true Monkeys, while the long-footed Tarsius is allied to 
the Insect-eaters (Cladobates, Hedgehog). A century ago 
the half-apes, gnawers, bats, and apes, with man, were joined 
together by Linnaus, and called Primates; and modern 
research seems but to have confirmed his generalization. 
Strange as it may at first appear, the Elephant is more nearly 
allied to the gnawers (Rodentia) in its skeleton, as well as in 
many other respects, than to any other order of the Mam- 
malia. One can hardly conceive of a mouse and an elephant 
having anything in common ; but it must be remembered 
that size has nothing to do with community of structure, 
and that there are Rodents, like the Capybara, as large asa 
dog. The position of the little Hyrax in the animal kingdom 
has been a constant subject for discussion since the days of 
Cuvier. According to some authorities, it stands near the 
Elephant and Rodentia, while others place it near the 
Tapir, among the odd-toes. I follow Haeckel in placing 
it near the Elephant. The true apes have descended from 
the half-apes, but as, zoologically, man and the true apes 
are not to be separated, we reserve for a separate chapter 
the consideration of the Simiz, the highest order of the 
Mammalia. The half-apes are probably the posterity of 
extinct Marsupials allied to the opossums. The Carnivora 
or meat-eaters include the lion (Fig. 81), dog, cat, bear, 
walrus, seal, as well as other animals. They have so many 
characters in common, and differ so much from all other 
orders, that we regard them as a distinct stem, descending 
from Marsupials like the Thylacinus or dog-headed opos- 
sum. The transition from the seals to the whales (Cetacea) 
is made through the extinct Zeuglodon, which combines 
