EVOLUTION OF LIFE. 
98 
is no ovary, the ovule being exposed to view resting on the 
edge of the leaf (Fig. 135, 2); the ovule is fertilized by the 
falling of the pollen, style and stigma being absent as well 
as ovary. Plants of this kind are called, therefore, Gym- 
nosperme, or naked seeds; whereas those having an ovary 
are known as Angiospermae, or seed-vessels. The flower- 
ing plants divide naturally, therefore, into these two groups. 
To the Gymnosperme, or plants with naked seeds, belong 
the Bread-tree, Zamia, and Cycas (Cycad&), the Pine, Fir, 
Cypress, Juniper, Cedar, and Yew (Coniferz). Among the 
Angiospermae, or plants whose seeds are contained in seed- 
vessels, are found the forest-trees, fruit-trees, grasses, roses, 
violets, etc. 
CYCADZE. 
The Cycade are small palm-like trees (Fig. 137), or 
shrubs with unbranched stems, found principally in the 
tropical regions of Asia and America. The Bread-tree 
belongs to this order, supplying the Caffre bread; the 
Cycas of Japan produces, in its stem, a starchy matter, 
which is collected and eaten like sago- The Cycadz are 
sometimes called Palm-ferns, from their resembling Ferns 
as well as Palms. In past time the order was much more 
numerous than at present. The so-called flower of the 
Cycade is very simple. The naked ovules are attached to 
the bases of contracted leaves: these leaves in some cases 
overlap each other. The stamens are found on separate 
leaves, which overlap each other, forming a cone. The 
leaves containing the ovules and stamens are found on 
separate plants, the series being quite distinct in the Cycad. 
The reproductive apparatus of the Cycade agrees essen- 
tially with that of the Salvinia, noticed in speaking of the 
Rhizocarpe, the ovule of the Cycas being homologous 
with the large spore of Salvinia, the pollen corresponding 
to the small spores. As the reproduction of the Cycas 
fro! 
