BOTANY. IOI 
(Selaginella, Cypress) is two-leaved, or dicotyledonous; 
finally, there must be added to these facts the additional one 
of the Cycadz and Coniferze being outside growers, and of 
a similar exogenous mode of growth being seen in Isoetes 
among the Lycopodiacex. The Lycopodiacez are, therefore, 
so closely and intimately allied with the Cycadze and Coniferze 
that the question naturally arises, Does there really exist in 
Nature such a distinction as that of Flowerless and Flower- 
ing plants? The reproductive apparatus of the Lycopo- 
diacex is so similar to that of the Cycade and Conifere 
that it is impossible to say where the Flowerless plants 
end and the Flowering begin. In the first page of this 
chapter we used purposely the expression, translating 
Cryptogamia “flowerless,” Phanerogamia “flowering.” The 
word cryp£os, literally translated, is “obscure,” *concealed;" 
phaneros, “apparent,” “evident;” gamos referring to the 
organs of reproduction. Translating literally, the Crypto- 
gamic plants are those in which the reproductive organs 
are not absent, but only obscure; the Phanerogamia, those 
in which the repróductive organs are very evident in the 
form of flowers. The difference between the higher Crypto- 
gamia and Phanerogamia is not one of kind, but only of 
degree, the apparent gulf between these two divisions being 
bridged over by the Lycopodiacez, Cycadz, and Conifere. 
The Linnzan classification is the best yet offered, express- 
ing the real nature of plants. The Angiosperme, as pre- 
viously stated, are those flowering plants whose seeds have 
a seed-vessel: their embryo is either Monocotyledonous or 
Dicotyledonous. The one-leaved or Monocotyledonous 
form of embryo is universally associated with the endogen- 
ous, or inside mode of growth, usually with a threefold 
arrangement of leaves. The Dicotyledonous or two-leaved 
embryo, on the contrary, characterizes all outside growers 
or Exogens, accompanied usually with a fivefold arrange- 
ment of leaves. The Monocotyledons include the Palms 
