BOTANY. 
RESUME. 
Beginning with the most minute and simplest of plants, 
such as are found in every pond and ditch, and comparing 
them with the different sea-weed, Fungi, etc., we found, 
notwithstanding minor differences, that their structure was 
essentially the same, cellular; offering no trace in their 
organization of stem and leaves. Passing from the cellular 
plants, through transitional forms, to the Liverworts, we 
noticed that the lower forms of this are still cellular, while 
the higher exhibit the beginning of a separation into stem 
and leaves. Forms like these lead the way to the Mosses, 
in which the stem and leaves are well defined. The Ferns, 
while agreeing with the Mosses in having stem and leaves, 
offer an advance in their organization, since their stem 
contains vessels with more or less woody tissue. Passing 
from the Ferns to the closely allied Club-mosses, we found 
in them the links binding the Flowerless with the Flower- 
ing plants. Taking up next the Cycade and Coniferz, 
we saw how naturally they preceded the Endogens and 
Exogens. Finally, in the different kinds of Exogens we 
saw an ascending series, as illustrated in the flower of the 
Spurge, Goose-foot, Violet, Morning-glory. Our brief 
survey of plants may be expressed in the following conclu- 
sion: The vegetal kingdom may be represented by a tree, 
of which the stems and branches are the classes, orders, 
etc. The trunk of this tree, being composed of the simplest 
forms, grows gradually upwards into more complex ones, 
finally developing the noblest of trees, the most beautiful 
of flowers. We hope to show in our next chapter that the 
petrified remains of the animal and vegetal kingdoms offer 
such a progress from lower to higher forms. 
