NS 
ORANG 
7 
GORILLA 
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GIBBON 
ANTHROPOLOGY. 163 
considered the higher apes to be more nearly allied to man 
than to the lower monkeys. The untenability of Blumen- 
bach's classification becomes at once evident, on reflecting 
that no one would argue that the Chinese boatmen and 
Bengalese artisans are four-handed because they can row 
and weave with their feet. We would only say thes 
people use their feet as hands. No one regards the hands 
of the Colopus and Ateles as feet because in these mon- 
keys the thumb is so rudimentary (or absent) that its 
opposability to the hand is impossible. We see, therefore, 
that if the mobility of the thumb or big toe be accepted as 
a test of an extremity being a hand or a foot, we should 
have to admit the existence of four-handed people, and of 
monkeys baving feet where their hands usually are, and 
vice versa. Prof. Huxley has, however, shown that there 
is as much difference anatomically between the foot and 
hand of the monkeys as between the foot and hand of man. 
The essential difference of a hand, as compared with a foot, 
O 
consists in the characteristic arrangement of the bones in 
the two members, and the presence or absence of certain 
muscles. Accepting this test as the correct one, monkeys 
as well as men are two-handed and two-footed. Prof. 
Huxley has also demonstrated “that the structural differ- 
ences which separate Man from the Gorilla and the Chim- 
panzee are not so great as those which separate the Gorilla 
from the lower Apes." This is at once seen on comparing 
Figs. 182 to 193, representing the skull, teeth, hand, pelvis, 
and foot of a Man, of a Gorilla, and of some other monkey. 
While it is admitted that there are gaps between Man and 
the Gorilla, between the Gorilla and the Orang, between 
the Orang and lower monkeys, the differences, however, 
are not sufficiently great to admit of making distinct 
orders: hence Man and the Gorilla, etc. must be considered 
as members of the order of Monkeys. 
. We concluded our chapter on Zoology by noticing the 
