164 EVOLUTION OF LIFE. 
half monkeys, represented by the Galeopithecus, Cheiromys, 
and Lemurs, stating of this group that the Loris seemed 
to furnish the transition to the true monkeys. Let us 
now consider these a little. The true monkeys are 
usually divided into the Catarhines, or the monkeys of 
the Old World, including the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orang, 
Gibbon, Magots, Macaques, Baboons, etc., and the Platy- 
rhines, or those of the New World (confined to South 
America), among which are found the Howlers, Spiders, 
Capuchins, and Marmosets. The terms Catarhine and Platy- 
rhine refer to the nostrils, which in the Catarhine look 
downward, but in the Platyrhine are flattened. In the 
peculiarity of the downward nostrils Man agrees with the 
Catarhine monkeys. Further, all Catarhines have thirty- 
two teeth, which is also the dental formula of Man; whereas 
the Platyrhines have thirty-six, the Marmosets excepted, 
in which the third true molar is rudimentary. These little 
monkeys offer also the peculiarity of having claws on their 
fingers and toes. We see, therefore, of the two groups of 
monkeys that Man, from the position of his nostrils and 
the number of his teeth, belongs to the Catarhine. 
Having briefly called attention to some of the peculiarities 
of the human skeleton, etc., as compared with that of the 
Gorilla and other monkeys, let us now compare the brain 
and mental powers of Man with those of the lower animals. 
While no one understands how the physical impression of 
an external object conveyed to the brain through the senses 
gives rise to an idea, or becomes thought, every one admits 
that without the brain there can be no thought; and by a 
er, 
comparison of the mental powers in different kinds of 
animals, we conclude that the relative perfection of mind 
depends on the relative perfection of brain. Thus, in Bees 
and Ants, which have long been famous for their intelli- 
gence, the nervous system is more highly developed than 
in any other members of the Articulata. In speaking of 
It is cor 
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