166 EVOLUTION OF LIFE. 
Fish depends on/its low cerebral organization, the mental 
activity of the Dog is due to its comparatively highly com- 
plex brain. Every sportsman can give numerous illus- 
trations of dogs reasoning. Mr. Darwin quotes Colonel 
Hutchinson as his authority for the following example: 
* Mr. Colquhoun winged two wild ducks, which fell on the 
opposite side of a stream; his retriever tried to bring over 
both at once, but could not succeed. She then, though 
never before known to ruffle a feather, deliberately killed 
one, brought over the other, and returned for the dead 
bird." The every-day fact of a dog hiding a bone implies 
Prudence, Anticipation, and Memory. According to Mr. 
Darwin, the muleteers in South America say, “ I will not 
give you the mule whose step is easiest, but / mas racional, 
the one that reasons best" Those who are familiar with 
the habits of Monkeys are always impressed by their intel- 
ligence. Buchner, quoting many reliable authorities, says 
of the Orangs, living tame on board ship, that they will 
wear clothes, uncork bottles, assist the sailors in fixing the 
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furniture, and even light the fire and help cook. It seems 
impossib:e that these Apes could learn through imitation, 
s and unloading cargoes, will sew with them, dust the 
or be taught so much, without having reasoning powers. 
That the Orang should be so intelligent is not at all 
extraordinary when we remember that his brain is so much 
like that of Man. A glance at the brain of the Orang, 
the Hottentot Venus, and Gauss the mathematician (Figs. 
194, 195, 196) demonstrates that the brain of the Hottentot 
was more like the Orang's than that of the mathematician. 
According to Vulpian, “the real differences which exist 
between the brain of Man and that of the superior monkeys 
are very small. One must not have any illusions in this 
respect. Man is much nearer the Anthropoid Apes in the 
anatomical character of his brain than these are, not only 
1er mammals, but even to certain quadrumana, like 
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