170 EVOLUTION OF LIFE, 
and of the lower races, is still more marked in the Idiot 
and Chimpanzee. This type of skull is known as the long 
head, or dolichocephalic ; that of the Calmuck, in which 
the forehead is developed, as the short head, or brachy- 
cephalic. Further, in the Negro the teeth are not set 
straight (orthognathous) as in the Calmuck, but the teeth 
of the upper jaw make an acute angle with those of the 
lower jaw (prognathous). The receding of the forehead 
and the angular arrangement of the teeth are accompanied 
by a receding of the lower jaw (see Figs. 201, 204, 204), and 
great development of jaws. In these peculiarities, the lower 
races resemble the apes, and differ from the higher races 
of mankind. The beastly and ferocious appearance of some 
savages and apes is principally due to this excessive devel- 
opment of the jaws. The large size ofthe canine teeth is also 
a striking feature in the skull of apes; but,as Prof. Haeckel 
observes, in comparing many human skulls, one always 
notices that the canine teeth project in some more than 
others; and Mr. Darwin aptly says, “he who rejects with 
scorn the belief that the shape of his own canines, and 
their occasional great dev lopment in other men, are due 
to our early progenitors having been provided with these 
formidable weapons, will probably reveal, by sneering, the 
line of his descent; for, though he no longer intends, 
nor has the power, to use these teeth as weapons, he will 
unconsciously retract his 'snarling muscles' (thus named 
by Sir C. Bell) so as to expose them ready for action, like a 
dog prepared to fight.” The different size of the molar teeth, 
according to Buchner, is also important: in civilized men, of 
the three last teeth or molars the first is the largest, whereas 
in the Chimpanzee the last is the largest; the lower races 
o: mankind are intermediate in this respect, the three 
molars being equally developed. Now, it is an interesting 
fact that, in the milk tecth, the last molar is the largest, as 
in the Chimpanzee, illust: ung the law which we have had 
