ANTHROPOLOG Y. 173 
sounds’ made by monkeys. Indeed, according to some 
authorities, the language of the Papuans is much more 
like that of the Monkeys than that of Shakspeare. Philo- 
logical facts like those here only briefly mentioned lead us 
to the conclusion that the development of language in an. 
individual of the higher races is the history of the develop- 
ment of language in general It is sometimes said that 
the faculty of speech entirely separates Man from the 
Monkeys. But this difference, like all others, is only one 
of degree, not one of kind. The vocal organs are well 
developed in Apes, the Gibbons shouting to each other as 
they swing through the woods. To take Mr. Darwin's 
example, one might as well argue that the Crow is not a 
bird, because it croaks, whereas the Nightingale sings. 
Having mentioned some ofthe peculiarities ofthe structure 
and development of man in reference to his animal descent, 
let us now call attention to the importance of certain 
human remains in this respect. Through modern discov- 
eries made in France, Belgium, Germany, etc., the remains 
of races of men have been brought to light, which without 
doubt have long since been extinct. Now, it is a very 
significant fact that the skulls of these primitive races ex- 
hibit a very low type of organization. According to Prof. 
Schaffhausen, * the form of the forehead of the Neanderthal 
skull (Fig. 205), the dentition and form of the jaw of La 
Naulette (Fig. 202), the prognathism of some infantile jaws 
of the stone period of Western Europe, exceed, as regards 
their animal form, that observed in living savages." Further, 
according to the same high authority, “these characters 
must not be considered as accidental exceptions from the 
normal form, which was the common theory on meeting 
with such finds; for these peculiarities in the organization 
of the pre-historic man do not occur as exceptions, but as 
a rule; and what is decisive is the circumstance that they 
mostly present a foetal character, and thus exhibit an early 
