Ch. XII.] 



UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND SEA. 



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as the centre of the Land hemisphere. The maps now pre- 

 sented to the reader have been executed by Mr. Trelawny 

 Saunders, who has so divided the globe as to add to the Land 

 hemisphere part of S. America, including a portion of the 

 Peruvian coast, while an equivalent area of the China Sea is 

 transferred to the Water hemisphere. Intimately connected 

 with the excess of land in the one hemisphere as compared to 

 that in the other is the fact that, even allowing for the antarc- 

 tic continent as expressed in the map, only one -thirteenth part 

 of the dry land has any land diametrically opposite to it. Thus, 

 in fig. 12 tlie land shaded black between the China Sea and 

 Lake Baikal answers to that portion of S. America and Tierra 

 del Fuego which is antipodal to it. Farther north, a part of 

 the continent of Asia, extending along the arctic sea, as 

 well as a large tract of Greenland and other arctic lands 

 shaded in the same manner, are antipodal to the antarctic 

 continent. The dark spots in Sonth America represent 

 tracts antipodal to Java, Borneo, the Celebes and Philippines, 

 a part of Sumatra, and the Malay peninsula. The specks in 

 Africa bear a similar relation to the islands in the Pacific 

 Ocean, and the dark patches in Spain and Morocco mark 

 those countries as partially antipodal to New Zealand. 



The limits of the supposed antarctic continent have been 

 drawn with reference to the known position of Victoria, 

 Wilkes 5 , Enderby's, and Graham's Lands, and the points where 

 Eoss, Weddell, and other navigators were stopped by the ice ; 

 but in order not to exaggerate the proportion of dry land in 

 the unexplored area I have assumed one-eighth of it to be sea. 

 This reduction has been made by extending the basin of the 

 ocean somewhat nearer the pole than the points to wdiicl 

 our navigators have yet penetrated, both between Graham's 

 and Enderby's Lands and between the latter and Termina- 

 tion Land, in the former of which regions the ships were 

 usually stopped by pack-ice before reaching the 70th, and in 

 the other the 65th degree of latitude. On the other hand, I 

 have thought it safer not to represent all the unexplored 



area at the N. Pole as sea ; and have therefore given one- 



i 



eighth of it as land, which has been done by introducing 

 several supposed islands in the open sea said to exist off the 



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