44 Part I. Chapter ı. 
Orizaba by LIEBMANN in Botanische Zeitung 1844 are publications dealing 
with the alpine summits of the high mountains of Mexico. Papers which are 
more or less physiographic in character throw important light on the subject 
here discussed. — Die Hochketten .des nordamerikanischen Felsengebirges und 
der Sierra Nevada by Dr. EmiL DECKERT is one published in Zeitschrift der 
Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin in 1901. Höhenmessungen im Colorado- 
Territorium und die Baumgrenze in den Felsengebirgen appeared in PETER- 
MANN’s Mittheilungen in 1866 and Observations on Popocatepetl and Ixta- 
cihuatl is a bulletin of the Field Columbian Museum by OLIVER C. FAR- 
RINGTON, issued April 1897. 
%. Phenology. 
Phenologic observations have'been pursued systematically abroad. Although 
the importance of the subject has long been recognized by American botanists 
the observations have been made sporadically so that American records ‚lack 
that continuity and completeness which many European ones show. 
Phenologic observations in Canada have been made by A. H. McKary, 
who brought them together in the Proceedings of the Nova Scotia Institute 
of Science for 1897 and in the eight volumes of the Canadian Record of 
Science. H. C. IRısH published some valuable tabular and graphic records in 
the Fortieth Report Missouri State Horticultural Society 1898 in a paper, 
entitled Comparative Phenological Notes and later in the American Naturalist 
for 1900. Sporadic records have appeared in several of the earlier volumes 
of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club from the pens of N. L. BRITTON 
and L. H. PAMMEL the latter also writing a paper for the monthly Review of 
Iowa Weather and Crop Service, October ı891 on climate and plants. The 
Botanical Gazette in its earlier volumes should be referred to for phenologic 
data furnished by W. W. BAILEY for Rhode Island, by T. S. BRANDEGEE for 
Colorado, and others. CROZIER published a pamphlet in ı885, called The 
Modification of Plants by Climate which has been frequently quoted. One of 
the earliest American expressions upon phenology was made by FREDERICK 
BRENDEL of Illinois, who, in comparing the late spring of 1857 with the 
very early spring of 1859, found in some species a striking coincidence of the 
sums of the mean temperature and of the number of days on which the tem- 
perature rose above freezing point. In his Flora Peoriana (1887) he extended 
his views. E. W. HERVEY published at New Bedford in 1860 his Catalogue 
of the plants of New Bedford arranged phenologically. HALSTED also has 
made observations on the data of blossoming of the early prairie flowers and 
has published them in the Popular Science Monthly (XXXI: 85). Meehan’s 
Monthly for June 1894 contains the phenologic records of EDwIN JELLETT. 
The Philadelphia Public Ledger for 1896 and 1897 contains lists of plants 
collected by members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club with dates of flower- 
ing and fruits. Although these lists are not primarily phenologic, yet they 
are useful in determining the approximate dates of two important phases of 
