Cascade- and Coast ranges. 265 
the point where the forest is separated into two southward projecting lobes, 
the one on the coast, the other following the Cascade-Sierra ranges of mountains. 
The forest of the Cascades is overwhelmingly coniferous. This is 
especially the case on the areas east of the Cascades, where broad leaved 
species of trees form but a fraction of ı per cent of the forest growth, and 
where two conifers Pinus ponderosa and Pinus Murrayana, together constitute 
88 per cent. West of the Cascades, broad-leaved trees occur more plenti- 
egon, consisting of red fır 
bocedrus decurrens). 
aquifolium, Oxalis oregana, and in clumps 
photograph by Rav. 
Fig. 6. Coniferous Forest along Columbia River, e) 
(Pseudotsuga Douglasii = mucronata) and incense cedar (Li 
The undergrowth is Acer macrophyllum, Mahonia (Berberis) 
the fern Aspidium munitum. Reproduced from 
fully, forming on a numeric basis, about 6 per cent of the entire forest; and 
While among the conifers, two species, Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga Dou- 
glasüi particularly predominate, there is also a wider range of ratios among 
the balance than is found on the eastern side of the range. The following 
Species of coniferous trees form sylvan elements in the Cascade range and 
adjacent territory of Oregon. Those marked by an asterisk n were nt noted 
in the forests of Washington. Fig. 6 is illustrating the guild of Pseudotsuga 
and Zibocedrus. 
