266 Part III. Chapter 3. 
‚ Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Pseudotsuga Douglasii Carr. (=P, 
» *Lambertiana Doug!. taxifolia Poir. = P. mucronata 
| 
| 
» "monticola Dougl. Sudw.). 
» albicaulis Engelm. *Libocedrus decurrens Torr. 
>  Murrayana Oreg. Com. Cupressus _ (Chamaecyparis) noot- 
(=P.contortavar. Murrayana kaensis Lamb. 
Engelm.). Tsuga Mertensiana Bong. (=T. he 
Abies concolor Lindl. & Gord., in- | terophylla Sarg.'). a 
cluding transitional form to »  Pattoniana Jeffr. (= T.Mer 
the northern Abies grandis. . tensiana Sarg.). 
» amabilis Forb. Picea Engelmanni Engelm. 
»  nobilis Lindl. Taxus brevifolia Nutt. 
» _subalpina Engelm. (— A. lasio- Juniperus occidentalis Hook. 
carpa Nutt.). 
Among the various species of broad-leaved trees the following are abut- 12. 
dant?) enough to become conspicuous factors of the forest in the Cascade 
range and adjacent territory. (* not noted in Washington.) 
*Quercus californica Torr. *Cercocarpus betuloides Nutt. 
Garryana Dougl. *Castanopsis chrysophylla A. DC. 
Arbutus Menziesii Pursh. Pyrus (Malus) rivularis Dougl. 
Fraxinus oregona Nutt. Populus tremuloides Michx. 
Acer macrophyllum Pursh. » balsamifera L. 
Alnus oregona Nutt. » trichocarpa Hook. 
*Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Sambucus glauca Nutt. 
ni j 
Forests of Sierra Nevada Mountains. The forests of the Sierra Nevada : 
Mountains may be divided into three belts. The lower belt comprises a thinly 
stocked open forest mostly of oak at the lowest elevations, with a preponder- 
ance of scrubby pine at the higher elevations. Interspersed throughout u 
growth are strips of valley grassland and in the southwestern border low, broad 
hills of considerable extent frequently covered with chaparral. The middle 
belt is coniferous, pines predominate at the lower elevations, but in the higher 
sections cedar and fir are mingled with the pines in more or less equal 
numbers. The trees are usually of large dimensions such as the big tfe@ Ir 
Seguoia gigantea, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus Lambertiana. The upper forest - > 
is likewise coniferous in character, but the bulk of the timber is fir = | 
mingled areas of inferior Pines, juniper and hemlock. The lower elevationd, = 
including soil-covered, rocky benches and the mucky borders of subalpi® = 
meadows, contain the denser growths, while the bare, higher rocky elevauen 
1) Consult SUDWOoRTH, GEORGE B.: Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope. U. S. Forest sen 
1908, the latest and best book on the subject. : 
2) LEIBERG, John B.: Cascade Range and Ashland Forest Reserves and adjacent Region® . 
Twenty first Annual Report United States Geological Survey 1899— 1900: 219 
