350 Part IV. Chapter r. 
and a hill in the interior exceed 275 meters (900 feet). The highest land in 
St. Paul is 183 meters (600 feet). In summer the islands are almost constantly 
enveloped in fog. 
Dune formation. The sandy shores and dunes of these islands show a 
sparse vegetation. Cochlearia officinalis, Alsine (Arenaria, Ammodenia) peploides 
and Zlymus mollis are the characteristic plants. ZLathyrus maritimus and 
Mertensia maritima also occur. There is not a tree or bush on either island, 
but a dwarf willow creeping prostrate on the ground for a length of eight or 
ten feet called talneek by the natives is the largest woody species, hardly 
growing three inches in the moss-bed in which it is found. Two other species 
of willow occur: Salir polaris and arctica. Many of the side hills and flats 
are buried waist deep in a dense growth of Zlymus mollis, Heracleum lanatum. 
Growing on the cliffs are Drada hirta, D. (Nesodraba) grandis, Arabis 
petraea (= ambigua), Sagina Linnaei (= S. saginoides), Sarifraga bracteata, 
S. davurica and serpyllifolia with Chrysosplenium Beringianum and Gentiana 
glauca, Lychnis apetala in the higher parts. h 
Lake Formation. The ponds and lakes are surrounded by mud flats on 
which a number of species not found elsewhere grow, viz., Chrysanthemum 
arcticum, Stellaria (Alsine) humifusa, Potentilla anserina, Montia fontana, ei 
Ranunculus reptans, R. hyperboreus. 
Bog Formation. The number of plants confined to bogs and old marshes 
is small. On the bogs are found Rubdus chamaemorus, Saxifraga hirculus, 
Pedicularis sudetica, while on one bank of a little pond in St. Paul Island 
were found Coptis trifolia, Geranium erianthum, Arnica unalaschensis, Veronica 
Stelleri, Petasites frigida. The moss and heather bogs according to MERRIAM) 
are blue from the abundance of Campanula lasiocarpa associated with C. pılosa 
(an inconspicuous species), Geum (Sieversia) Rossii with yellow flowers, Viola 
Langsdorfi, Gentiana frigida with white and blue flowers, C/aytonia arctea, 
Cornus unalaskensis and Trientalis arctica.’-”) Level areas of considerabe 
extent with soil saturated with water are covered with mosses, Z/ypnum, Re’ 
comitrium, little Sphagnum. 
Elevated Insular Formation. The commonest plants on the wind blown 
and elevated parts of the islands are Eritrichium Chamissonis, Silene acaulis, 
Arenaria macrocarpa, Eutrema Edwardsü, Papaver radicatum (= P. nudicaule), E 
Potentilla villosa, Artemisia globularia, Pedicularis Langsdorfii and lanata. er 
The raspberries are “represented by two dwarf species Rudus stellatus and 
R. chamacmorus, while Empetrum as a heather plant abounds on both islands. 
Upland Meadow Formation. The vegetation of grassy banks and upland 
meadows generally near the sea consists of Ranunculus nivalis (= R. altaicus), 
ı) Plants of the Pribilof Islands. 1892. 
2) Jorpan, Davıp STARR: The fur seals and fur-seal Islands of the north Pacihe Ocean. 
1399. Part III plants by James Macoun, p. 559—587. a 
3) ErLiort, Henky W.: A Monograph of the seal Islands of Alaska. U. S. Fish. Co 
Bulletin (Special) 176. 1882: 138. a 
