Labrador District. > 353 
Throughout the forest, the lowlands fringing the streams are covered with 
thickets of Salix (Salix-Facies): S. adenophylla, balsamifera, chlorophylla, 
Ribes prostratum and Alnus. The areas covered by these shrubs increase 
toward the tundra and they not only margin the rivers and shores of the lakes 
but with dwarf birches occupy much of the open glades, and on the sides of 
the hills above tree line the willow and birches form low thickets exceedingly 
difficult to penetrate. 
e undergrowth of the forest consists of Zedum latifolium and Kalmia 
glauca which grow in tangled masses two to four feet high, while Prunus 
pennsylvanica occurs but more frequently in the burned areas whither its drupes 
are carried by birds. Rubus chamaemorus occurs in swamps everywhere and 
beyond tree limit. Rubdus arcticus grows in the opens along the banks of 
northern streams and is especially abundant on the islands along the east coast 
of Hudson Bay. Rubus triflorus (= R. americanus) occurs along the banks 
of streams and on the edge of woods northward from the St. Lawrence. Rudus 
strigosus, Fragaria virginiana, Amelanchier canadensis occur in Labrador, the 
latter in glades occupying swampy ground. Several species of Vaceınium are 
found abundantly throughout the peninsula viz., V. pennsylvanicum, V. uligino- 
sum growing in open spaces in the north, occurring as a spreading shrub in 
the barren grounds, V. caespitosum, a more northern species than the last, 
found on the summits of the higher hills about the headwaters of the Hamilton 
River. V. Vitis-Idaea grows abundantly in open barren spaces, while south 
of latitude 5ı° it occurs on the summits of barren rocky hills, on or barren 
islands in the larger lakes. Empetrum nigrum is abundant throughout the 
semi-barren and tundra areas of Labrador, where it grows on the coast and 
inland. Altogether the number of flowering plants and ferns found in Labrador 
comprises some 568 species and varieties'). Chiogenes hispidula, the snow- 
berry, grows in mats on the ground in damp shady woods. 
Moor Formation. The moors of Labrador are characterized by Salır 
myrtilloides, Betula nana, Lonicera coerulea, Lyonia (Cassandra, Chamaedaphne) 
calyculata, Kalmia glauca and angustifolia, Ledum palustre and farther south 
in Labrador Z/. latifolium. 
Rhododendron Rhodora (= Rhodora canadensis), Andromeda polifolia, Vaceinium oxy- 
coccus and macrocarpum, Arctous (Mairania) alpina and Comandra livida occur as important ele- 
ments of the moor flora. Rubus arcticus, Cornus suecica and Pyrola rotundifolia inhabit sandy 
situations transitional to the forest. The sphagnum cushions which form such a prominent fea- 
ture of the Labrador moors are surrounded by such plants as Empetrum nigrum, Drosera rotundi- 
folia, Potentilla palustris, Parnassia palustris, Saxifraga birculus, Sagina (Spergula) nodosa, Montia 
fontana, Pingnicula vulgaris, P. alpina, Bartsia alpina, Tofieldia palustris, Scheuchzeria paiostris, 
Eriophorum alpinum, E. vaginatum, E. capitatum (= E. Scheuchzeri), E. latifolium, E. gracile, 
Carex echinata, C. magellanica, C. sparsiflora, C. canescens and Equisetum seirpoides?). 
1) Macoun, JAMES M.: List of Plants known to occur on the Coast and in the Interior of 
the Labrador Peninsula. Annual Report Geological Survey Canada.new ser. VIH. 1895. Appendix V]. 
2) ENGLER, A.: Die pflanzengeographische Gliederung Nordamerikas: 7—38. 
Harshberger, Survey N.-America. 23 
