Maritime Distriet: New Brunswick Area. 363 
in mutual toleration with Prcea rubra, Abies balsamea and an occasional white 
pine Pinus strobus. Beneath the canopy of these trees flourishes a subordinate 
layer of Acer pennsylvanicum, Viburnum lantanoides and on the ground 
various tall herbs: Aralia nudicaulis, Streptopus roseus, beneath which are 
Oxalis acetosella and Clintonia jercails — In the beech facies, Fagus ameri- 
cana (= F. ferruginca) is the prevailing type. The paper birch Bezula papyrifera 
forms an association where it dominates, as on the northern slope of Saga- 
mook Mountain. 
Coniferous Forest Formation. "The hemlock, 7suga canadensis, in western 
New Brunswick is perhaps next to the black spruce, the most abundant of the 
large trees of the district growing on the elevated grounds everywhere as far 
north as Grand Falls (Tsuga-Facies). The habitat of this tree is somewhat 
peculiarly restricted at least so far as New Brunswick is concerned. Rarely it 
ıs found on the southern side of the Baie des Chaleurs, north of Bathurst, or 
on the Restigouche, or to the north of Grand Falls, St. John, while in the 
interior of the province, south of a line extending a Bathurst to the mouth 
of the Tobique, it is one of the commonest and largest trees forming an al- 
most pure forest with an undergrowth along the Saguenay River, as seen by 
the writer, of Betula lutea, Acer pennsylvanıcum, Taxus canadensis, Linnaea 
borealis, Monotropa hypopitys, Lycopodium annotinum, Circaca alpina, Vaccinium 
myrtilloides, V. ovalifolium, Calypso borealis (= C. Corallorhisa multiflora), 
Goodyera repens etc. 
The white pine association existed in the form of groves, formerly much 
more abundantly than now, with associated species (Pinus strobus-Facies), 
Phegopteris as a characteristic undergrowth with Adhkyrium filix femina, Ne- 
Phrodium dryopteris, Lycopodium dendroideum, L. annotinum, Clintonia borealis 
in masses. — The forests on Miscou Island consist of the white spruce (Picea 
alba) Abies balsamea with aspen and paper birch, mountain ash and red dog- 
wood. In especially low places there /ris versicolor, Myrica gale and Hıppuris 
vulgaris appear, the white spruce is replaced by the white cedar 7huja occi- 
dentalis, f. e. in the forests of Miscou Island‘). The red pine forms associations 
(Pinus resinosa-Facies) at the head of the Nepisiguit lakes; Pinus Bank- 
siana exists in well marked associations (Pinus Banksiana-Facies) on the 
level bouldery plateaus along Portage Creek and on the neighboring part of 
the Nepisiguit. 
In open glades, in these woods occur, Myrica (Comptonia) asplenifolia, Aster macrophylius, 
Polygala paucifolium, Gaultheria procumbens, Epigaea repens, Pyrola secunda, Moneses uniflora. 
The red spruce, Picea rubra, is the principal timber tree of New Bruns- 
wick. It occurs in groves with characteristic associates, while the black spruce 
association (Picea nigra-Facies) is notable for the fact that it occurs upon 
1) Ganong, W. J., in Botan. Gazette XLII: 81—106: The white cedar is also srpehle of 
‚existence upon higher oo where conditions approach the en and so shows a 
dualism of habit. 
