Maritime District: New Brunswick. 367 
nant, but pure water. The bogs occupy the entire salt marsh country above 
the heads of the tide on the rivers, and also at places between rivers where 
drainage is obstructed. It includes three associations. By far the most exten- 
sive and characteristic bog association of the marshland is the floating-bog 
or Carex-Menyanthes-Association. The dominant plants form mats 
which float upon the surface of the standing water beneath which is the true 
marsh mud. As a rule the bog is firm enough to walk upon, though it trem- 
bles beneath the tread (quaking bog). 
The dominant plants are Carex filiformis, Eriophorum vaginatum, Carex stricta var. decora, 
Carex magellanica, Eriophorum gracile and with these are —_ Menyanthes trifoliata, Calla 
palustris. Upon the floating mat occur large areas of Equisetum limosum, Eleocharis Dt 
Juncus canadensis, Sarracenia purpurea, Sparganium simplex, SR gale, Typha latifolia 
The basis of the common flat bog which occurs on the margins of lakes 
is a mixture of mosses of the genera Zypnum, Dicranum, with some Sphagnum; 
the latter playing, however, a subordinate part. The bulk consisting of mosses 
may be exceeded under certain conditions by other vegetation notably sedges, 
ericaceous shrubs, black spruce and larch. The ground and mosses in this 
Flat Bog Association are saturated with water, deep brown in color, of 
rather low temperature, carrying lime salts in solution and much vegetal 
matter in suspension. Peat isformed by the compaction of the vegetal remains’). 
Raised bogs”?) on the other hand which form a distinct association are 
composed of nearly pure Sphagnum with only traces of other mosses, mixed 
with a few culms of sedges and the slender roots of dwarf woody perennials. 
Throughout they are saturated with water, which is always cold and clear 
and free from salts of lime. In them-there is no decay but the organic remains 
form later a spongy peat, never the compact peat of the flat bogs. 
The flora of the raised bogs consist of sphagna which are of first impor- 
tance. The following species of the genus Sphagnum enter into the raised 
bogs of New Brunswick. 
Bm Here) Edge of bogs. 
um Limpr. Near edge of bog 
> ER Klinggr. Makes up the Bi of the drier parts of the bog. 
> imbricatum Hornsch. On dry parts with preceding. 
> tenellum var rubellum Wils. f. dasyclada W. Occupies the wetter places on the higher 
part of the bogs. 
> tenellum De Near edge of bogs. 
> recurvum P.B. var mucronatum Russ. On edge of bogs. 
> recurvum var. parviflorum Sendt. On edge of bogs. 
> Lindbergii Schpr. Extreme edge of bogs. 
> Girgensohnii Russ. Extreme edge o 
Several true mosses enter into the composition of the raised bog association: Polytrichum 
Strietum, P., commune, Hypnum Schreberi, Dieranum spurium. Lichens are well represented on 
nn nn, 
1) Cf. Basrın, Epson $. and Davis, CHARLES A.: Peat Deposits of Maine Bulletin 376 U.S. 
Geological Survey 1909. 
2) GanonG, W. F.: Upon raised peat Bogs in the Province of Ne 
Royal Society of Canada. Second ser. II Sect. IV: 131—163. 1897. 
w Brunswick. Transactions 
