368 Part IV. Chapter z. 
the surface ofthe bogs: Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia uncialis, Cladonia Boryi, Cetraria islandica, 
while on the stunted trees of the bogs are Alectoria jubata, Parmelia saxatilis, Parmelia physodes, 
Usnea barbata, Cetraria lacunosa. 
Around these bogs is found a dense spruce and larch forest encroaching 
on the bog where in the raised part they become reduced to a foot or less 
in height, viz., Zarir americana, Picea nigra. The shrubs also grow on the 
margin, while on the bog they seldom exceed six or seven inches in height; 
Ledum, Cassandra (Chamaedaphne), Kalmia glauca and angustifolia, Empetrum, 
Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium canadense, V. pennsylvanicum, V. caespitosum, 
Pyrus (Aronia) arbutifolia. On the higher ground at the extreme edge of 
bogs are found Rhododendron Rhodora. Herbaceous plants are not numerous. 
The cotton-grasses Eriophorum vaginatum and alpinum, occur associated with 
Scirpus caespitosus, Oxycoccus, Sarracenia, Drosera etc. 
Wet Marsh Formation. The wet marsh formation consists of plants capable 
of enduring much but not constant water at the roots, and otherwise able to 
meet the conditions of the meadow; hence composed of grasses and similar 
forms. The characteristic association of reclaimed marshes is the Spartina 
cynosuroides-Ässociation. 
It is composed of a single dominant member but several secondary forms, viz., Spartina 
eynosuroides with Cicuta maculata, Carex maritima, Calamagrostis canadensis, Sceirpus atrovirens 
and of minor importance Triglochin maritimum, Thalictrum polygonum, Epilobium lineare, Lysi- 
machia stricta, Iris versicolor, Campanula aparinoides and Scutellaria galericulata. The transition 
ara between the former association and the bog is occupied by the Carex-Aspidium-, or 
bogmarsh Association. It is found in places with constant hydrostatic water in the soil. 
Salt Marsh Formation. The salt marshes of the Bay of Fundy have been 
studied by GANONG and the following account is an abridged statement of 
his observations of the distribution of plants there supplemented by those of 
the writer made in the summer of 1906. The wild salt marsh formation con- 
sists of several associations of species. The characteristic association of the 
immediate edge of the salt water extending typically as a strip just above and 
elow ordinary high-tide mark and distinguished by its bright green color, 
and the stiff habit and close growth of its plants is the Spartina stricta- 
Association. The association comprises but a single vegetation form, as 
follows: Spartina stricta var. glabra (= var. maritima) the most characteristic and 
extreme salt-enduring plant of the marshes with perennial branching rootstocks 
N just beneath the surface and sheathed with leaf bases. : The charac- 
teristic association of the newly formed and forming marsh occuring typically 
from the lowest high-tide marks to the highest marsh, hence overlapping the 
areas occupied by other associations, is the Salicornia-Suaeda-Association. 
In general its members are smaller, more stiffly upright, sparser and redder 
the EINER the salt content of the soil, while in fresher soil the plants are 
more luxuriant spreading and greener. Two dominant plants”) are met with 
ı) Ganong, W. F.: The Vegetation of the Bay of Fundy salt and: diked Marshes. Botanical 
Gazette XXXVI: 161, 280, 429. 
