Maritime Distriet: Mt. Katahdin. 371 
Hypnum Schreberi, H. crista-castrensis and Aylocomium splendens, with the 
liverworts Piilidium capillare, Bazzania (Mastigobryum) trilobata. 
Out of this mossy covering grow according to my observations!) Cornus canadensis, Coptis 
oe Chiogenes hispidula, Clintonia borealis, Habenaria fimbriata, Trientalis americana, Lyco- 
m lucidulum, Oxalis acetosella, Listera aa ta, Dalibarda repens, Linnaea borealis, Phegop- 
teris ee (= P. phegopteris), Pyrola rotundifolia var. uliginosa. The drier better drained 
soil of the more open forest is characterized by Epigaea repens, Monotr ropa uniflora, M. hypo- 
pitys, Anaphalis margaritacea, Campanula aparinoides, Doch secunda, Vaccinium erunlehhe; while 
in the marshy places in the woods grow Veratrum viride, Drosera rotundifolia, Osmunda regalis. 
This coniferous forest formation (Picea-Abies-Facies) covers the Great 
Basin, South Basin, the Northwest Basin, most of the outer slopes and ridges 
and extends far out into the lowlands about the mountain. Ascending the ba- 
sins the trees gradually become smaller until at the base of the last long 
precipitous ascent we come to the tree line which has its delimitation in large 
trees. Above this exists the Krummholz, or pucker-bush (Dwarf Tree For- 
mation) which reaches far up toward the summit. 
The dwarf timber consists of ancient black spruce trees Picea nigra (= P. mariana) associated 
with Pyrus (Sorbus) americana, Alnus viridis (= A. alnobetula), Spiraea salicifolia, Empetrum 
nigrum, Ledum latifolium (= L. groenlandicum), while on the steeper slopes grows Betula 
papyrifera var. cordifolia. Juniperus communis and Eriophorum alpinum are on the ledges of 
the back wall of the North Basin with the southeastern exposure (Rock Cliff Formation) 
associated with an adventurous colony of lowland plants.2): Lycopodium FREE, Osmunda 
claytoniana (= O. interrupta), Pteris (Pteridium) aquilina, Carex leptalea, C. flava, Danthonia 
spicata, Smilacina (Vagnera) racemosa, Andromeda polifolia, Aster umbellatus, Ale ula, Aster 
cuminatus, Prunus pennsylvanica, P. virginiana, Diervilla trifida, Potentilla (Dasiphora) fruticosa, 
Viola Selkirkii which invade the territory of such plants as Diapensia lapponica, Bryanthus taxi- 
folius, Arnica Chamissonis and Epilobium Hornemanni at about 4,000 to 4,500 feet (1220— 1472 m 
altitude. 
Alpine formation. It is widely distributed covering more than one half the 
upper part of the mountain. On the crest, summits and table-land it reaches 
perhaps its highest and most characteristic development extending down upon 
the saddle spurs and higher slopes’. With the accumulation of the soil 
through the activity and decay of the plants in the above-mentioned associa- 
tions the grasses and sedges first appear and form a mat by their inter- 
MER roots. 
Carex-A iati Hierochloe (Savastana) alpina, Agrostis rubra, Des- 
champsia en Carex vulgaris var. hyperborea (= C. Bigelovii), C. canescens var. alpicola 
(= €. brunnescens) and Juncus trifida are common pioneer elements of the alpine tundra, asso- 
eiated with ‘such mosses as Polytrichum juniperinum, P. commune, P. ohioense and reger 
nitida var. elongata. — Empetrum-Vaccinium Association: This association may be s 
to form the culmination of the alpine formation. It consists of Empetrum nigrum, Vaceinium vie 
idaea, V. pennsylvanicum var. angustifolium, V. uliginosum, Diapensia lapponica, Ledum latifolium 
V: 26. Feb 
2) Wırrıams, EMILE F.: A Comparison of the Floras of Mt. Washington and Mt. Katahdin. 
Rhodora III: 164. June 1901 
3) Harvey, LE Roy H.: A Study of the re: Ecology of Mount Katahdin, Maine. 
University of Maine Studies. No, 5. December 1903. 
1) HARSHBERGER, J. W.: A botanical Ascent of Mount Katahdin, Maine. The Plant World 
. 1902. 
24* 
