Maritime Distriet: Mt. Katahdin. 373 
Alpine Meadow Formation. Situated at the base of the dripping west wall 
of the North Basin and so presenting a warm south-eastern exposure associa- 
tions of meadow species occur which culminate in a shrubby covering to the 
meadows. The pioneer association which appears in the crevices of the 
dripping walls consists of Scarpus caespitosus, Campanula rotundifolia, Solidago 
alpestris, Potentilla tridentata, Arenaria groenlandica, Carex scirpoidea, Luzula 
spicata and Funcus articulatus (= Luzula-Juncus-Association). — With 
the increase of humus and water holding capacity of the soil the next stage 
appears. The association now consists of Aster (acuminatus, rudula, umbel- 
latus), Castilleja, Prenanthes nana (= P. trifoliata), Anaphalis margaritacea 
with such grasses as Calamagrostis canadensis, C. Langsdorfü, Bromus cıliatus, 
Glyceria nervata, Agropyrum violaceum (= biflorum), Agrostis rubra, and in 
association with these grasses Solidago macrophylla, Viola Dinda, Arnica 
Chamissonis, Heracleum lanatum and Habenaria dilatata. — The last stage of 
all culminates with the appearance, according to HARVEY, of Diervilla trifida, 
Spiraca salicifolia var. latifolia associated with such secondary species as Ribes 
prostratum, Lonicera caerulea, Rubus strigosus and R. canadensis. 
Pond Formation. The ponds of glacial origin at the foot of the mountain 
and the sphagnum bogs derived from them merit passing attention. The 
shores of the ponds are usually rock strewn and slope off to some depth. 
Alnus viridis and Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia form a fringing circumarea 
of vegetation with Cassandra, Spiraea salicifolia, Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum, 
Myrıca gale in the sphagnum circumarea inside the alder belt. The shallow 
water of the pond shore is characterized by the presence of /soetes heterospora, 
and echinospora var. Braunii, Potamogeton confervoides, Lobelia Dortmanna, 
Nymphaea odorata var. minor, Nuphar Kalmianum. 
Sphagnum-Association occurs in morainic depressions with a life history dating 
back to the glacial period. The Sphagnum advances from the edge of ponds and finally covers 
them, when a quaking bog is formed. Scheuchzeria palustris appears followed by Drosera rot- 
undifolia, D. longifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, Vaccinium oxycoccus, Smilacina trifolia, and when the 
eonditions become drier by Eriophorum gracile, Carex trisperma, Carex pauciflora, succeeded in 
turn by the Cassandra-Association (see ante). The entire absence of bog orchids, is noteworthy. 
Empetrum, Vaceinium uliginosum, V., vitis-idaea also figure in the succession of species. Finally 
Picea nigra (= P. mariana), Larix americana (= L. laricina), Thuja occidentalis encroach on the 
bog and convert it gradually into forest. 
4. Formations on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. 
The highest point in the Presidential range in the White Mountains is Mount 
Washington, 6,300 feet (1932 m) in elevation. The base of the mountain is 
surrounded by a forest which represents a southern extension of that typic of 
central and northern Maine and New Brunswick. The forest which surrounds 
Mount Katahdin in Maine is essentially the same as that which surrounds Mount 
Washington, only that the hemlock 7suga canadensis is more abundant about 
the flanks of the latter mountain. 
