388 Part IV. Chapter 2. 
above also grow in more or less dry soil assuming under varying conditions 
an amphibious habit. 
When mats of floating vegetation become anchored other plants appear, 
viz., species of Utricularia, Carex, Xyris, Drosera, while Decodon (Nesaea) 
verticillatus plays a leading part in binding the mats together. Following 
Decodon are Clethra alnifolia, Rhododendron viscosum, Vaccinium corymbosum, 
Ilex, Myrica carolinensis and Gale, Andromeda lıgustrina, Cassandra, and 
finally these shrubs are breikhadewed by trees of Chamaecyparis shhaera 
(= C. thyoides) and the series enters the culminating stage as a cedar swamp'). 
5. Forest- and Hill Barren-Formation. 
For convenience in treatment the forests of the New England Area will be 
treated under two heads, viz., the forests of southern Maine, central and 
southern New Hampshire, eastern Massachusetts and those of southern New 
England. This represents the transition area from the broad-leaved forest of 
the south to the coniferous forest of the north. The white pine, Pinus strobus, 
mixes here with Ouercus alba and Castanea dentata (= C. americana) although 
it is prominent enough still as an element to bind this territory as a phyto- 
geographic area to that of the New Brunswick Area, where the Pinus strobus 
is even more abundant. 
Deciduous Forest Formation. The trees found in moist soil and deep humus 
often spoken of collectively as rich woods are Pinus strobus, Platanus occi- 
dentalis, Acer rubrum, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana, Acer saccharum, 
Quercus coccinea and Fraxinus americana. 
he shrubby undergrowth is formed by Amelanchier canadensis var. oblongifolia, Alnus in- 
cana, = serrulata, Ampelopsis (Parthenocissus) quinquefolia, Rhus radicans and the following 
herbs on the ground in the shade of the trees: Arisaema we Maianthemum (Unifolium) 
canadense, lutetiana, Aralia nudicanlis, Bochmeria cylindrica, Viola pubescens, Viola blanda, 
Sanguinaria rg ini, cernuum, Uvularia ( ke he Erythronium americanum, 
Impatiens fulva (= I. biflora), Pilea (Adicea) N 
The forests of the hilly uplands occur on argillaceous soils with slate or 
granite base often glacial drift, and such situations are often denominated 
“dry hillsides”, “rocky slopes”, etc. The trees in such places are Ouercus 
alba, which ascends to the Connecticut River valley as far as the foot hills 
of the White Mountains and in another direction sweeps northeastward into 
Maine a little north of Lake Winnepesaukee, while the chestnut Castanea 
dentata follows. the same line of distribution a little south of the white oak, 
reaching the southern margin of the aforementioned lake. Also the botanist 
finds Ouercus tinctoria (= Q. velutina), O. rubra, Carya alba (= Hicoria 
PEREEB C Zu {=B, glabra), Prunus serotina, Populus tremuloides, Sassafras 
ı) Saw, CHartes H.: The Development of Vegetation in the morainal Depressions at 
Woods Hole. Botanical Gazette XXKIH: 37 June 1902. 
