Maritime Distriet: New England. 389 
offieinale, Ostrya virginiana, Fagus americana and Tsuga canadensis associated 
with the shrubs RAus, Corylus, Rubus, Vaccinium vacillans and a assortment 
of herbaceous plants of wide range. Near the coast, as on Cape Cod, where 
the soil is sandy and usually level the forest is open and the pitch pine Pinus 
rigida is the principal tree. 
This open forest merges into the Sand Barren Formation where grow 
associated together Audsonia tomentosa, H. ericoides, Lechea minor var. mari- 
tima, HAypericum nudicaule, Cyperus filiculmis and Grayi, Corema Conradii, 
Smilax rotundifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, etc. 
The hardwoods predominate largely except in eastern Massachusetts and 
northeastern Connecticut and Rhode Island where Pinus strobus occurs in solid 
groves on gravel ridges, and on the sandy borders of streams and ponds. 
JFuniperus virginiana comes up in old fields especially in southern Connecticut, 
Tsuga canadensis grows in all sections. The oaks are the most common trees 
except in the Berkshires where Picea nigra, Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum, 
Betula lutea and papyrifera, Fagus occur. In eastern Massachusetts Ouercus 
alba, O. coccinea, Quercus rubra occupy the best situations and on loose sands 
and gravels accompany Pinus strobus. Castanea dentata is one of the com- 
monest trees and in Connecticut it forms 60 per cent of the forest on rolling 
land and on the very best soils is mixed with ZLirzodendron tulipifera, Fraxinus 
americana and Tila americana‘). Little of the virgin forest is left in Con- 
necticut, but in North Colebrook is a small remnant comprising a mixture of 
Pinus Strobus, Tsuga canadensis, Betula lutea, Castanea dentata (some places 
60 per cent of stand), Ouercus alba, O. rubra,. Acer saccharum, A. rubrum, 
Prunus serotina and Fraxinus americana, while of secondary importance occur 
Betula populifolia, B. lenta, Quercus prinus (on rocky ridges), ©. coccinea, 
Platanus occidentalis (in river bottoms), Liriodendron tulipifera (in moist soil), 
Tilia americana, JFuglans cinerea, Sassafras, Ulmus americana, Carpinus caro- 
liniana, Osirya virginiana, Cornus florida and Corylus americana?). In swamps 
in southern New England, Acer rubrum is the characteristic and often the only 
tree. It is accompanied on the wettest ground by Ulmus americana, Quercus 
palustris and bicolor, Fraxinus sambucifolia. 
Such a swamp forest occurs on the north shore of Long Island at the head of St. John’s 
Pond near Cold Spring Harbor, according to Transeau. The forest is composed of Quercus alba, 
Nyssa sylvatica, Liriodendron tulipifera, Fraxinus americana. as the dominant trees with an under 
growth of Hamamelis virginiana, Viburnum molle, Azalea EREREEE viscosa, Clethra alni- 
folia, Alnus incana, Smilax idkanaiks olia, Rhus radicans, Lindera benzoin (= Benzoin benzoin), 
Andromeda ae a) ligustrina, and such herbs as Osmunda cinnamomea, Symplocarpus (Spath- 
yema) foetidus, Viola cucullata, Trillium cernuum, Arisaema triphyllum, Carex crinita, C. Asa- 
Grayi (= C. ans Veratrum viride and Dryopteris noveboracensis. 
1) GrAvEs, H. S. and Fisher, R. L.: The Woodlot: Handbook for Owners of ee 
in southern New England Bull. 42 Bureau of Forestry U. S. Department Agricultur 
2) Hawes, Austin F. and HAwrey, RALpH C.: Forest Survey of Litchfield and ga a 
Counties, Connecticut. Conn. Agric. Exper. Stat. Bull. 162. 
