404° Part IV. Chapter 2. 
species. Acer saccharum, Betula lutea and Fagus attain their best development 
on these lands, while 7suga is of inferior quality to that found on the moist 
soil of lower ground ''). 
Along the Au Sable River, near its source, in a gorge Acer saccharum, 
Tsuga and Betula lutea are preeminently first, while the beech seems to have 
a crown which never rises quite above that of the other trees mentioned 
(Tsuga-Fagus-Facies). 
The herbaceous plants of the forest floor are Viola rotundifolia, Tiarella eitelie Medeola 
virginica, Mitchella repens, Maianthemum (Unifolium) canadense, Lycopodium lueidulum, Clintonik 
borealis, Trillium erythrocarpum (= T. undulatum), Pyrola chlorantha, Oxalis a 4 
racemosa, Dalibarda repens, Impatiens fulva, Streptopus amplexifolius axus canadensis forms 
a-secondary element in this Tsuga-Fagus-Facies?2). Dryopteris EEN IR extensive 
patches in the deep recesses of the forest. 
Mixed forests within the range of P. Strobus. The shores of lower Au Sable 
Lake (plate IX) which are mountainous and steep, are covered with Betula 
papyrifera associated with Adies balsamea and Populus tremuloides. Near the 
upper end of this lake are Sordus americana, Picea nigra, Acer saccharum, 
while 7%uja occidentalis becomes more abundant and virtually supplants the 
paper birch Beiula papyrifera. The perennials of the forest floor consists of 
Clintonia borealis, Oxalis acetosella, Osmunda interrupta and cinnamomea, 
Chiogenes aspkla, Maianthemum canadense, Veratrum viride. — The forest 
about Racquette Lake is a mixed one of broadleaf and coniferous trees, the 
latter predominating. Such are the spruce flats of the lumbermen, where the 
soil is fresh and deep with Picea rubra of medium height and diameter. These 
flats form the lower limit of Acer saccharum because it is common on higher 
ground. Adies balsamea is small. 
The principal species are in the order in which they occur: Picea rubra, Betula lutea, Abies 
balsamea, Tsuga canadensis, Fagus americana, Acer saccharum, Pinus strobus (Picea-Betula-F acies). 
With these are associated Thuja oceidentalis, Picea nigra, Larix americana, Pinus resinosa, Acer 
dasycarpum, Betula populifolia with scattered Fraxinus americana and Prunus serotina, Populus 
tremuloides and Prunus pennsylvanica are found on the burned over land, with an undergrowth 
in the primeval forest of Viburnum lantanoides, Acer pennsylvanicum, Acer spieatum. Here the 
characteristic swamp species are Picea rubra, Abies balsamea, Picea nigra, Pinus strobus, Larix 
americana, while on the gravelly knolls in the swamps oceurs a Tsuga canadensis. Thuja 
occidentalis and Larix americana grow on the poorest drained land 
Acer saccharum and Fagus americana have the advantage over Be lIutea on the better 
soils, because the latter is less tolerant of shade. The following list shows the relative degree 
1) PINCHOT, GiFFoRD: The Adirondack Spruce 1898: ı 
2) HARSHBERGER, JOHN W.: The plant Formations of ver Adirondack Mountains. Torreya V: 
187—194. As data are lacking for the consideration of the algal vegetation of the lakes of the 
Adirondack Area, the writer has been unable to add any account of 'his own, but the student ss. 
referred for helpful details to a paper by G. E. Stone entitled, Flora of Lake Quinsigamond, Mass. 
3) Hosmer, Raırn S. and Bruck, EUGENE $.: A forest working Plan for Township 40. 
Bulletin 30 Division of Forestry. U. S. Department Agriculture 1901; GRAVES, HENRY S.: Prac- 
tical Forestry in the Adirondacks -Bulletin 26. Division of Forestry. U. S. Department Agriculture 
1899. 
