Carolinian Pine Barren-Strand District. 431 
littoralis its northern limit. In the somewhat sheltered en among the dunes there are 
so a few scattered specimens of Yucca gloriosa and near the inner ridges Sabal palmetto 
grows together with Yucca aloifolia, Uniola paniculata, urn re (= Q. virens, in low 
contorted oe over which twines Gelsemium sempervirens. and on the steep leeward 
slopes of the est dunes is anchored by such vines as Clems ee Ampelopsis —— 
er radicans, Vitis rotundifolia, Passiflora incarnata, Smilax bona- 
Occasionally Quercus en Persea c emeanl Morus rubra, Callicarpa americana, Myrica 
keine and Ilex Cassine (= vomitoria) grow 
e dunesin Florida, at Daytona for er consist of two parallel ridges, according 
to WEBBER?). Uniola paniulan is the main sand-binding grass to be found on the top and 
seaward side of the first line of dunes. Species of Spartina, Panicum, Ipomoea, se Serenoa, 
Croton, Ber rbia, ee are also commonly found mingled with Uniola. At the base of the 
main line of dunes are Panicum ‚ Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ipomoea littoralis, se: imbricata, 
Cakile americana. On the dunes at Pablo Be ach, Quercus virginiana and = aquatica (= nigra) 
are shrubs associated with the saw Fer Serbuon serrulata, and such herbs as Physalis 
Emsen. Croton maritimus (= C. tatus), Helianthemum arenicola, Oenothera humifusa, Houstonia 
— Acanthospermum en Eclipta erecta, Samolus floribundus, Herpestis monniera, 
sage ora. 
The Shell Islands are situated on the east coast flora of es scattered through the 
marshes and composed entirely of oyster shells?2, Yucca aloifo is a dominant plant on 
some of these islands associated with shrubby growths of Sageretia Michanzi, Forestiera porulosa, 
us virginiana while climbing over these is Vincetoxicum sp. and beneath a growth of Cap- 
sicum frutescens. Possum Island, another shell island, is covered with Opuntia pes-corvi, O. vul- 
garis, Yucca gloriosa, Mentzelia floridana. 
2. Coast Forest Formations, 
Dune Forest Formation. The higher, inner, wooded dunes at Virginia 
Beach bear, according to my observations, an open forest of Pinus taeda and 
the following according to KEARNEY mingle with or.take the place of the 
pine: Prunus serotina, Diospyros virginiana, Zanthoxylum, Sassafras, Funi- 
perus virginiana and at Cape Henry occur thickets of laurel oak Ouercus 
laurifolia. Quercus virginiana (= O.virens) attains its best development be- 
neath the pines in Virginia although it never becomes a tree in this region. 
Strand Pine Association. The principal tree of this facies in the 
Dismal Swamp Region is Pinus taeda; associated with the pine and giving 
character to the association are: Callicarpa spinosa, C. americana, Zanthoxylum, 
Gelsemium sempervirens, Tecoma radicans and other lianes are abundant. 
Where the strand forest is moist, Baccharis halimifolia is often the principal 
element of the undergrowth. In very dry soil, in openings among the trees 
are Kubus cuneifolius, Robinia pseudacacia, Prunus angustifolia. The herba- 
ceous species of this association are such as typify the drierparts of the inland 
pine-barrens: Danthonia sericea, Uniola gracilis (= U. laxa), Convolvulus ameri- 
canus, Eupatorium many species, etc. In somewhat boggy soil occur Galium 
ı) WEBBER, HERBERT J.: Notes on the strand Flora of Florida. Science new ser. VIH: 
658, Nov. ı1, a LEeps, B. F.: Winter Vegetation on Florida sand Dunes. Garden and Forest 
: 21 Jan. 12, ı 
2) Currıss, A. u A Visit to the shell Islands of Florida. Botanical Gazette IV: 117, 132, 154. 
