434 Part IV. Chapter 2. 
strongly predominant or even in small areas, sole element of the forest growth. 
Pinus mitis (= P.echinata), is not rare and Pinus palustris (= P. australis) 
occur sparingly in the formation. The most important deciduous ‘tree :is 
Liguidambar styraciflua with Quercus alba, ©. Michauxü, O. falcata (O. ob- 
zusiloba), QO. phellos, less common are O.rubra, O. tinctoria, O. laurıfolia. 
The beach most abounds where the subsoil is particularly rich in clay or 
silt and therefore retentive of moisture. Acer rubrum (fig. 25 page 418) is 
common generally in swamps. Carya tomentosa (= Hicoria alba), Liriodendron 
are less abundant than the preceding. Cornus florida, Oxydendrum arbareum, 
Jlex Er Diospyros virginiana, Nyssa sylvatica are abundant. 
r elements of forest growth are in places Celtis viren Carya poreina (= Hicoria 
a ce ns nigra, Juniperus virginiana, Morus rubra, Ulmus americana, Castanea pumila, Persea 
pubescens, Sassafras officinale, Prunus serotina. All of these species, but especially en 
styraciflua, and species of oaks, also occur as undergrowth in the pine woods mixin 
species that are true shrubs. en especially with the young trees of coniferous or Bar 
growth is a great variety of shrubs: Myrica carolinensis, Vaccinium corymbosum, Rhus copallina, 
Aralia spinosa, Oxydendrum de Sassafras sassafras, Diospyros virginiana, while in nes 
moist Bo grow Amelanchier botryapium, Azalea canescens, Symplocos tinctoria, Ilex glabra. Kalmia 
latifolia, Styrax grandifolia, Vaccinium a arboreum are rare and local. As under 
shrubs ER the larger shrubs are Vaccinium stamineum, V. vacillans, V. ee var, tenellum, 
Gaylussacia frondosa, Rubus er (in moist low pine woods). 
River Bluff Forest Formation. The mesophytie forest extends into the Altamaha Grit 
Region, according to H u u eitato), along the steep bluffs of the muddy rivers which cross it. 
Ninety percent of the plants that occur on these blufis occur on the Piedmont plateau a large 
proportion finding BR) yakke in the cool shaded valleys of the Blue Ridge. 
Pine Barren Formations. The pine forests extend from within a few miles 
of the sea coast inland to near the western limits of the coastal plain region. 
The pines of this formation are Pinus palustris, P. Taeda, P. serotina, P. 
mitis (= P. echinata). They are for the most part confined to the uplands, 
and form the dominant growth with broad-leaf trees beneath them, or occur 
as a pure growth. Other trees are 7axodium distichum, Chamaecyparis thy- 
oides, Funiperus virginiana, all of which in the original forests are confined 
to the lowlands. Forests of pine covered, at least in their original distribution, 
all ofthe uplands, there being only a few local areas on which broad-leaf 
trees were not subordinate to them‘). A very large part of eastern Virginia 
and North Carolina is pine land. In the vicinity of Washington, and especi- 
ally in Maryland, Pinus rigida with Pinus inops (= P. virginiana) in similar 
situations is prominent (Pinus rigida Facies). As one proceeds southward; 
both of these species of the northern pine barrens become more rare, Pinus 
rigida almost completely disappearing before the Rappahannock River is 
reached. Pinus Taeda comes in around the margins of groves of Pinus rigida. 
Still further southward Prnus rigida seems to be worsted in the struggle by 
Pinus Taeda. Finally when the James River is reached, Pinus Taeda becomes 
ı) PINCHOT, GIFFORD and AsHE, W. W.: Timber Trees and Forests of North Carolina. 
North Carolina Geological Survey 1897, Bulletin 6: 149. 
