Carolinian Pine Barren-Strand District. 439 
portion of vines and epiphytes is large and the herbs are most by perennial. The flowering 
period in the hammocks, according to HARPER (A phytogeographical Sketch of the Altamaha Grit 
Region. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences XVII, Part I: 101) is the latter part of March. 
Hydrophile Forest Formations. In Virginia and North Carolina by far the 
greater part of these formations is embraced within the limits of the great 
Dismal Swamp proper. Two principal formations may be distinguished: 
(1) the Black Gum Swamp Formation consisting of heavy deciduous forest; 
and (2) the White Cedar Swamp Formation which is light open and originally 
eat part covered with an evergreen forest of white cedar Chamaecyparıs 
thyoides called locally juniper, but now in many places almost destitute of trees 
and bearing a growth of shrubs, of cane (Arundinaria macrosperma) and of 
ferns and peat moss. 
Black Gum Swamp Formation (see plate X). According to my ob- 
servations, the black gum Nyssa diflora is predominant associated with the 
prevailing conifer Taxodium distichum, Pinus Taeda comparatively scarce and 
unimportant. Such a deciduous forest alone occupies the low, flat banks of 
rivers and it is likewise characteristically developed within the Great Dismal 
Swamp about Lake Drummond. At all seasons, the soil is nearly or quite 
saturated. 
Nyssa biflora and Acer rubrum are the most abundant trees with Nyssa uniflora, Fraxinus 
platycarpa (= F. caroliniana), Quercus phellos. Among small trees Magnolia glauca, Persea pubes- 
cens, Carpinus caroliniana, Salix nigra, Alnus rugosa while P nn heterophylla is rather frequent 
in the smaller swamps along streams. Near the eastern border of the Dismal Swamp where 
Pinus Taeda is most abundant, The tulip tree Liriodendron sie and the sweet gum, Liqui- 
dambar styraciflua occur in the deciduous forested swamp and are often of considerable size ). 
se sw 
A ne of Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora and Fraxinus caroliniana in 
enlarged base of the tree trunk where it is sometimes ee and the “knees” of Taxodium 
may be Iaoled upon in the nature of aerating organs. Many woody lianas occur and drape the 
kager er iz., Berchemia ‚ Gelsemium sempervirens, Elzamin capreolata, Vitis la 
ilax rotundifolia, S. Walteri, S. Taniisih (in open swamp), Clemaiis ge Two epiphytes 
occur on the branches of Fi (ode um in open light situations: Polypodium incanum, Tillands; 
usneoides. A woody parasite, Phoradendron flavescens, is abundant upon 2% branches of Nyssa 
iflora and Acer rubrum. On old logs in the swamps grow Tipularia unifolia, Gaultheria pro- 
cumbens, Mitchella repens, liverworts and mosses. 
revailing under ergrowth in the more open places consists of Leucotho& axillaris, Clethra 
alnifolia, Arundinaria macrosperma and in places such ferns as Woodwardia areolata, Osmunda 
is, O. cinnamomea, and according to my observations, Saururus cernuus along streams in the 
Dismal Swamp forms pure associations. In places where the ground is rather high notably upon 
the eastern shore of Lake Drummond, the following pe rennial herbs are abundant; Boehmeria 
ei Fa arifolium, Scutellaria lateriflora, Er rubellus, Eupatorium as”. 
Impatiens fulva and Woodwardia areolata. The rare Fdknesa pubens occurs in suc amps in 
South Carolin - 
Generally speaking the gum, or cypress swamps occupy the deepest parts 
of ih all the swamps in the coastal region which have a sufficiently porous 
1) Kearney, Tuomas H.: Report on a botanical Survey of the Dismal Swamp Region. 
Contributions U. S. National Herbarium 1901 V: 419. 
