448 Part IV. Chapter 2. 
teretifolia, Sium eicutaefolium while below and covering the soil as secondary species of this 
‚association are: Cyperus erythrorhizos, C. strigosus, Carex lurida, C. alata, Rhynchospora caduca, 
R. cornicu'ata while intermixed are Sagittaria montevidensis, S. latifolia, Pontederia cordata, 
Ipomoea sagittata, Kosteletzkya virginica, Boltonia diffusa, Vernonia gigantea, Lythrum lineare, 
Rumex altissimus, The dark waters of ditches and shallow pools at the outskirts of these marshes 
are filled with the floating stems of Jussiaea diffusa and bordered by Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, 
H. verticillata, Ranunculus sceleratus, Discopleura capillacea, Aeschynomene virginica. 
Cypress Swamp Formation. Where the banks of the rivers and their deltas 
are perpetually submerged they are covered by the cypress, 7. axodium distichum: 
Associated with Taxodium in Alabama are Nyssa aquatica, Fraxinus platycarpa 
(= F. caroliniana). Slightly above the level of long-continued overflows hard- 
wood trees mingle with the cypress (Nyssa biflora, Quercus aquatıica, Carya 
[Hitoria) aquatica etc.) and form the high forest overshadowing Planera agua- 
tica, Acer rubrum, Carpinus caroliniana, Crataegus, Styrax decidua. A few 
paludial plants are found in the depth of these swamps (Onoclea, Osmunda, 
Woodwardia, Peltandra, Hymenocallis occidentalis) and in the openings where 
pools occur Saururus cernuus, Sabbatia calycina and Bidens involucrata. This 
swamp formation is also typically represented in Texas for example along the 
lower Neches and Sabine rivers‘). It also extends northward into Arkansas, 
where I have seen it along the valley of the Red River and as far as south- 
eastern Missouri. The relative representation of species varies greatly in 
different areas. In one place Nyssa biflora is dominant, in another Tarodıum 
distichum elsewhere Carya aquatica. In Mississippi near New Orleans, the 
species of these swamps, according to HARPER, consist of Tarodıum, Sabal 
Adansonii, draped with 73illandsia usneoides, together with Salix nıgra, Acer 
rubrum, Baccharis, Zizania, Panicum gymnocarpum, Cladium effusum and 
Pontederia cordata. Such differences, however, do not alter the general type 
of the cypress swamp and bayou forest, which within its own territory retains 
undisturbed possession. 
3. Upland Pine Barren and Cedar Swamp-Formations. 
Long Leaf Pine Barren Formation. The forests of Pinus palustris form 
a narrow strip along the course of the Suwannee River and along the coast 
to the Appalachicola River. At their southern limit they merge into the oak 
and hickory uplands of middle Florida. Along the coast they are surrounded 
by marshes and swamps. The pine lands of western Florida rise slowly above 
the coastal plain and form a vast expanse of undulating surface. In Alabama 
where the sandy 'and gravelly deposits of the latest Tertiary strata prevail 
Pinus palustris forms pure forests with the exception of narrow strips of hard- 
wood, bordering the water courses. On by far the greater part of the sandy, 
poor and dry soils of Alabama this pine forms pure stands. In some cases 
there is a rather dense undergrowth of stunted specimens of Quercus mary- 
ı) BrAY, WILLIAM L.: Forest Resources of Texas. Bureau of Forestry Bulletin No. 47- 
U. S. Department Agriculture 1904: 16 
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