Gulf Pine Barren-Strand District. 451 
Chiftonia ligustrina (= C. monophylla), Cyrılla racemiflora, Ilex myrtifolia, 
I. coriacea (= T. lucida), I. glabra, Myrica cerifera, MM. inodora, Kalmia lati- 
folia, Illicium floridanum, Andromeda (Pieris) nıtida, Leucothoö axillaris, Oxy- 
dendrum arboreum, Calycanthus (Butneria) florida, Clethra alnıfolia, Halesia 
(Mohrodendron) diptera, Viburnum nudum, V. molle, Styrax pulverulenta. 
pper-Pine Mixed Forest Formation. This formation consists of a mixed 
growth of pine and broad-leaved evergreen trees alternating with belts of 
pure forests of Pinus palustris. In Alabama this phytogeographic formation 
is confined within the limits of the older Tertiary strata.. On account of its 
vegetation it is difficult to define the floral character of this region. Where 
the rocky ridges are covered by more recent strata, the pine forms magni- 
ficent forests. Cornus florida and Ouercus Catesbaei form the scanty undergrowth. 
The rocky hills where the pine hardly grows are sparingly covered by Vac- 
einium stamineum, Gaylussacia dumosa, Viburnum acerifolium, Smilax bona-nox. 
The herbaceous plant associations in these pine forests do not differ from those 
forming the soil cover in the open pine forests of the adjoining lower pine 
belt. In the eastern extension of this region the loose Ozark sands form the 
arid surface soil spreading over a large portion of western Florida and southern 
Georgia. 
n the lower flanks of the ridges and on the lower hills of the central 
pine region, Pinus mitis (= P. echinata) in Alabama mingles with Pinus pa- 
Zustris and with Castanea pumila, Tilia heterophylia. 
As these declivities merge into the narrow valleys with fresher soil more retentive of moisture 
the following representative trees appear. Pinus glabra, Quercus aquatica, Q. laurifolia, olia 
grandiflora, M, macrophylla, Fagus americana associated with Styrax grandifolia, Ilicium floridanum, 
Aesculus parviflora, A. pavia, Ilex longipes, Calycanthus florida, Chionanthus virginica. Clematis 
Catesbyana, C. reticulata, C. erispa may be added as lianes. The terraces of these streams over- 
flowed only in the times of the heaviest freshets are covered with a valuable growth of Quercus 
Michawxii, Q. falcata (= Q. digitata), Q. texana, Fraxinus americana, Gleditschia triacanthos, Carya 
alba (= Hicoria ovata). 
The hardwood forests of the alluvial bottoms in Texas extending up the 
valleys (worn inland by erosion) for a distance sometimes of a hundred miles 
and five miles in width consist of Ouercus Michauxü, Q. macrocarpa, O. lyrata, 
O. alba, O. texana, Q. phellos, O. aguatica (= O. nigra) while as secondary 
species occur Fraxinus americana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica, 
Carya olivaeformis (= Hicoria pecan), Carya alba (= Hicoria ovata), Nyssa 
aquatica, Platanus occidentalis, Tilia americana, Acer saccharinum, Ostrya 
virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana, Maclura aurantiaca (= Toxylon pomiferum), 
Fuglans nigra. On the rich loose bottom soil the timber grows very large 
and the undergrowth is generally very dense. Certain tracts of this forest in 
the Red River Valley are occupied by an almost pure growth of Ouercus 
macrocarpa. On the lower Trinity, the San Jacinto, Ouercus pagodaefolia and 
O. alba are especially abundant. On the Red River, Populus monili era is 
common, while Nyssa sylvatica in places forms a pure forest on the Sulphur 
” 29* 
