458 Part IV. Chapter 2. 
The entire absence of coniferous trees except in special and usually 
very restricted localities is noticeable.. The trees which usually attain the 
largest size are Platanus occidentalis, Liriodendron tulipifera, Carya_ olivae- 
formis ng Hioria pecan), Carya alba (= Hicoria ovata), Quercus macrocarpa, 
O. coccinea, Fraxinus americana, Taxodium distichum, Ligquidambar styracifiua, 
Fuglans nigra, Ulmus americana, Glediüschtia triacanthos, Populus monilifera, 
Fagus americana, Quercus alba. All of these exceed one hundred and fifty 
feet in height and are in one sense dominant. 
s an undergrowth occur Zanthoxylum americanum, Ptelea trifoliata, Euonymus atropurpureus, 
Hydrangea arborescens, Hamamelis virginiana, Ilex decidua, aeg acuminata, Lindera benzoin, 
Alnus serrulata, Aralia spinosa, ae ee Amorpha fruticosa, Arion triloba, Rhus typhina 
(=R. hirta), R. glabra, R. venenata (= R. vernix), Cereis ven s, Prunus americana, P. virgi- 
niana, Crataegus coceinea, C. en c. ne, Pirus ki) coronaria, Amelanchier cana- 
densis, Cornus en. C. alternifolia, Viburnum lentago, V. prunifolium, Fraxinus viridis, Ostrya 
virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana, Cep ie occidentalis (in the bottom lanıls). 
In the er forest the river flowed between walls of forest which stood up to the very 
banks with a dense fringe of willows. Salix lucida, S. nigra at the water’s edge o n by 
luxuriant masses of wild grape other vines falling down in festoons. Such are A 
nie) quinquefolia, Sie Vordifol, Wehen radicans, Rhus radicans, Wistaria frutescens, 
Bignonia capreolata (= B. crucigera) which climb the trees to great heighis and with massive 
elimbing lianous stems. Smaller woody vines are Cocculus carolinus, Menisperm anadense, 
Celastrus scandens, Smilax rotundifolia, S. glauca, S. Walteri, S. lanceolata, ei u "Felle owing 
herbaceous vines should also be included as they trail over the ground o up the undergrowth 
of shrubs: Clematis Pitcheri (= C. Simsii), C. viorna, C. virginiana, Palakar lutea, Ipomoea 
(Quamoclit) coceinea, Convolvulus (Calystegia) sepium, Convolvulus (C) spithamea, Echinoeystis 
lobata, Humulus Iupulus, Dioscorea villosa, Smilax herbacea. Very often the smaller vines are 
twined about the larger. 
Viewed from a high bluff this forest presents the appearence of a compact, 
level sea of green apparently almost endless, but bounded by a line of wooded 
bluffs three to seven miles back from the Ohio River. The general level is 
broken by occasional giant trees which rear their massive tops one hundred 
and eighty feet above the ground; the approximate height of the other trees 
being about one hundred and thirty feet. The size of the trunks of some of 
the trees of the forest is hardly less remarkable than their height. A syca- 
more (Platanus occidentalis) girded thirty-three and a third feet; Ziriodendron 
tulipifera, twenty-five feet; Ouercus alba, twenty two feet; Ouercus tinctoria 
(= 0. velutina), twenty feet; Quercus texana twenty feet. 
2. Upland Pine Flat and Forest Land. 
Upland Deciduous Forest Formation. Along the elevated ridges fronting the 
streams Quercus alba, Q. phellos, Fuglans nigra, Carya alba and C. tomentosa 
occur in great numbers together with Ziriodendron tulipifera, Sassafras, Morus 
rubra, Quercus falcata, Liguidambar, Nyssa sylvatica. The undergrowth con- 
sists of Crataegus viridis, C. crus-galli, Lindera bensoin, etc. 
This forest in Texas reaches its western limit. Here along the creek bot- 
toms Fagus americana is found associated with Ouereus aquatica, Acer sac- 
