Southern Piedmont District. 471 
Liriodendron zulipifera, while with these are associated many smaller trees: 
Ostrya virginiana, Magnolia umbrella (= M. tripetala), Cornus Florida which 
sometimes are sufficiently numerous in North Carolina to form a thin under- 
wood. If these soils become silty, Ziguidambar styracifiua, Nyssa sylvatica, 
Quercus lyrata, Q. Michauxii and other trees which are more representative 
of the forests along the larger streams become conspicuous supplanting first 
the beech and oak, then the white oak and Ziriodendron, and finally entirely 
taking their place. 
Deciduous Forest Formations. The forest on the silt, or mud alluvium of 
the larger streams, consists of these supplanting trees with Platanus, Celtis and 
Carya amara (= Hioria minima). Nyssa, Carya amara and Platanus are 
uniformly distributed throughout, although no where abundant, or forming a 
conspicuously large portion of the growth. These trees also enter into the 
composition of the mountain forests. The other trees, however, are sparingly 
distributed westward toward the mountains. Eastward Acer saccharum occurs 
with it in cooler places as the altitude increases. Beneath the taller trees 
occur Carpinus caroliniana, species of Crataegus and Asimina triloba. All 
the open banks in full sunlight are lined with Salir nigra and Betula nigra. 
Upland Forest Formation. The upland forests of the Piedmont Plateau are 
composed of broad-leaf species and pine. The body consists of oaks with 
more or less hickory and in places the short leaf pine Pinus mitis (= P. echi- 
nata) is scattered among them. The original forest may be separated into 
three parallel strips (1) the eastern pine strip; (2) the broad leaf forest strip; 
(3) the western pine strip. The eastern pine strip may be divided into the 
forests of the eastern granite areas, of the eastern red sandstone, and of the 
slates. The forest of the eastern granite areas consists of FREE obtusi- 
loba (= Q. minor), O. tinctoria (= Q. velutina), O. alba, Q. falcata (= Q. digi- 
Zata), with a considerable admixture of Carya tomentosa (= Hicoria alba), Ca- 
rya porcina (= Hicoria glabra) and in most places Pinus mitis. Along the 
hollows and cooler slopes are Ouercus alba, O. tinctoria, Q. rubra, Liriodendron. 
The forest of the eastern red sandstone strip consists of an upper 
dominant story of Pinus mitis with an underwood of Quercus obtustloba, 
O. falcata, O. alba, Hicoria alba, and Ouercus marylandica (= O. nigra). 
The forest of the slate soils where better drained resembles a two-storied 
high forest. The upper story consists of a rather open growth of Pinus mitis 
and the lower story of small Ouercus obtusiloba, O. marylandica, with more or 
less Quercus falcata, O. alba, Carya tomentosa. The trees are often shrubby. As 
the soil becomes poorly drained the pine decreases until on the “willow_oak 
(Ouercus phellos) flats” the growth becomes restricted to Owercus obtusiloba, 
Q. marylandica as a lower story slightly overtopped by Ouercus phellos. 
The deciduous forests of the Piedmont Plateau were originally compact 
consisting of oaks and hickories with pine only on rocky or sandy soils along 
the crests of hills. On the red loams the trees are Owercus tinctoria, O. alba, 
Carya tomentosa with a small intermixture of Spanish oak Ouercus Jalcata and 
